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DemographicsPublisher: University of Strathclyde
Period: 01/01/2018 - 31/12/2018
Rights: CC-BY
This is a 2018 UK Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) where the households have been disaggregated into quintiles based on the households' gross income. This SAM incorporates the latest 2018 input-output tables published by the Office for National Statistics, with the sectors being aggregated into 34 broader sectors. The households have been disaggregated using information from the Living Cost and Food survey. This SAM is relevant for projects looking to identify not only the economy-wide impacts of shocks to the UK economy, but also explore how households of different income are impacted. Moreover, it allows the exploration of shocks to specific household quintiles and how these could affect the wider economy.
Publisher: UKDS
Period: 01/01/2004 - 31/12/2022
Rights: Rights not recorded
The Annual Gas and Electricity Consumption at Meter Level, Great Britain, 2004-2022: Secure Access study includes annual gas and electricity consumption data at an individual property level, covering England, Scotland and Wales from 2004 onwards. Both domestic and non-domestic properties are included.
Publisher: Centre for Sustainable Energy (CSE)
Period: 01/01/2009 - 31/12/2013
Rights: Open Access
The Centre for Sustainable Energy (CSE) Fuel Poverty Calculator has been updated to account for the new definition of fuel poverty: Low Income Low Energy Efficiency (LILEE).
Fuel poverty is when people have to spend a high proportion of their income to keep their home warm due to a combination of poor housing with inadequate insulation and heating, expensive energy tariffs, and low incomes. One outcome for those in fuel poverty is poor physical and mental health. NICE, which provides evidence-based guidance for NHS and social care professionals, recognises that living in a cold home will make most health conditions worse from childhood asthma to heart disease.
Publisher: UK Data Service
Period: 01/01/1971 - 31/12/2011
Rights: Open Access
The population censuses are a vital resource for social scientific research and policy development, providing a snapshot of demographic and social life in the UK. They are collected by three census agencies. Census support gives access to:
- 2011 Census - aggregate data, boundary data, flow data and microdata
- 2001 Census - aggregate data, boundary data, flow data andmicrodata
- 1991 Census - aggregate data, boundary data, flow data and microdata
- 1981 Census - aggregate data, boundary data and flow data
- 1971 Census - aggregate data, boundary data
- aggregate data
- flow data
- microdata
- boundary data
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/01/2025 - 31/12/2030
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
The 'Clean energy jobs plan' sets out, for the first time, the workforce needed to deliver our clean energy ambitions and how the government will work in partnership with industry and trade unions to deliver it. It explains how we will help workers in all parts of the country benefit from these opportunities - supporting our existing workforce to find new opportunities, training up the next generation, and helping our young people to get good jobs.
Publisher: UKDS
Period: 18/11/2018 - 30/11/2018
Rights: Rights not recorded
Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading could help address grid management challenges in a decentralizing electricity system, as well as provide other social and environmental benefits. Many existing and proposed trading schemes are enabled by blockchain, a distributed ledger technology (DLT) relying on cryptographic proof of ownership rather than human intermediaries to establish energy transactions. This study used an online survey experiment (n = 2064) to investigate how consumer demand for blockchain-enabled peer-to-peer energy trading schemes in the United Kingdom varies depending on how the consumer proposition is designed and communicated. The analysis provides some evidence of a preference for schemes offering to meet a higher proportion of participants energy needs and for those operating at the city/region (as compared to national or neighbourhood) level. People were more likely to say they would participate when the scheme was framed as being run by their local council, followed by an energy supplier, community energy organization, and social media company. Anonymity was the most valued DLT characteristic and mentioning blockchains association with Bitcoin led to a substantial decrease in intended uptake. We highlight a range of important questions and implications suggested by these findings for the introduction and operation of P2P trading schemes.
Publisher: UKDS
Period: 01/01/1850 - 31/12/2019
Rights: Rights not recorded
To better understand the processes of digitalisation, dematerialisation and decarbonisation, this paper examines the relationship between energy and information for the global economy since 1850. It presents the long run trends in energy intensity and communication intensity, as a proxy for total information intensity. The evidence suggests that, relative to GDP, global economic production has been reducing energy and increasing information use since 1913. The analysis indicates that it initially required little information to replace energy in production and that the ability to substitute away from energy and towards information has been declining. The result implies that the global economy is now reducing energy and increasing information at a substitution rate of 0.2 kB per kWh of conserved energy or 0.8 GB per tonne of carbon dioxide mitigated. As the price ratio of energy to information is currently higher than this marginal rate of substitution, there are incentives to further substitute information for energy. However, one conclusion is that (without the long run escalation of carbon prices) substitution away from energy and towards information is likely to cease within the next few decades and, beyond that, digitalisation will play a declining role in the decarbonisation process.
Publisher: Energy Systems Catapult
Period: 01/01/2020 - 31/12/2023
Rights: Rights not recorded
Energy Systems Catapult was set up to accelerate the transformation of the UK's energy system and ensure UK businesses and consumers capture the opportunities of clean growth. The Catapult is an independent, not-for-profit centre of excellence that bridges the gap between industry, government, academia and research.
This links to the searchable interface for the public datasets.
Publisher: DCLG / UK Data Archive
Period: 01/01/2008 - 31/12/2049
Rights: Licensed data (restrictions may apply)
The English Housing Survey (EHS) began in 2008 as a continuous national survey collecting information about peoples housing circumstances and the condition and energy efficiency of housing in England. The EHS brought together two previous survey series - the English House Condition Survey (EHCS) and the Survey of English Housing (SEH) - into a single fieldwork operation. The EHS covers all housing tenures and provides valuable information and evidence to inform the development and monitoring of government housing policies. The survey has a complex multi-stage methodology consisting of 3 main elements: an initial interview survey of around 17,000 households with a follow-up physical inspection and a desk-based market valuation of a sub-sample of 8,000 of these dwellings, including vacant dwellings. The interview survey sample forms part of the Integrated Household Survey (IHS), and the core questions from the IHS form part of the EHS questionnaire.
Publisher: Department for Energy Security and Net Zero
Period: 01/01/2024 - 31/12/2024
Rights: Open Government Licence v3.0 (OGL v3.0)
This annual publication provides a comprehensive view of the latest statistical trends and analysis of fuel poverty in England in 2024. Fuel poverty in England is measured using the Low Income Low Energy Efficiency (LILEE) indicator. Under this indicator, a household is considered to be fuel poor if: they are living in a property with a fuel poverty energy efficiency rating of band D or below and when they spend the required amount to heat their home, they are left with a residual income below the official poverty line.
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/01/2010 - 31/12/2049
Rights: Licensed data (restrictions may apply)
Statistics relating to the demographics of fuel poverty in England, where fuel poverty is defined by the Low Income / High Costs balance, which considers a household to be in fuel poverty if: (i) the household has required fuel costs above average (national median level) and (ii) was the household to spend that amount it would be left with a residual income below the official poverty line. The key drivers behind fuel poverty are:
The energy efficiency of the property (and therefore, the energy required to heat and power the home);
The cost of energy;
Household income.
Registration with the UK Data Archive is required before data can be accessed
The energy efficiency of the property (and therefore, the energy required to heat and power the home);
The cost of energy;
Household income.
Registration with the UK Data Archive is required before data can be accessed
Publisher: UKDS
Period: 31/03/2018 - 31/12/2023
Rights: Rights not recorded
This data collection includes a User Guide and the anonymised transcripts of 30 semi-structured interviews of #60-90 minutes each, with 31 high household energy consumers, about their homes, appliances, infrastructures, vehicles, and everyday life and travel practices that generate household (domestic and travel-related) energy demand. It also includes the anonymised transcripts of 4 3-hour deliberatively workshops of ~8 public participants and 2 facilitators, one recruited from the interviewees, and the others recruited to represent different levels of domestic and travel-related energy consumption, held to discuss the validity, fairness, effectively and acceptability of four broad policy approaches to reduce (particularly high levels of) household energy consumption: Rationing; Economic (Dis)Incentives; Structural Change; and Behaviour Change
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/01/2010 - 31/12/2014
Rights: Open Access
The HES measured electricity consumption at an appliance level in 250 owner-occupied households across England from 2010 to 2011, the most detailed monitoring of electricity use ever carried out in the UK. Extensive analysis has been undertaken on appliance ownership, labels, actual efficiencies and potential for savings in different social groups. The study has also examined the scope for reducing peak electricity demand. The full dataset is not available via the web. A sample, and numerous reports and analyses are freely available. There are also three spreadsheet tools provided.
The Household Electricity Survey (HES) was the most detailed monitoring of electricity use ever carried out in the UK. Electricity consumption was monitored at an appliance level in 250 owner-occupied households across England from 2010 to 2011. Extensive analysis has been undertaken on appliance ownership, labels, actual efficiencies, potential for savings in different social groups and the potential to reduce peak electricity demand.
The Household Electricity Survey (HES) was the most detailed monitoring of electricity use ever carried out in the UK. Electricity consumption was monitored at an appliance level in 250 owner-occupied households across England from 2010 to 2011. Extensive analysis has been undertaken on appliance ownership, labels, actual efficiencies, potential for savings in different social groups and the potential to reduce peak electricity demand.
Publisher: UKDS
Period: 01/12/2021 - 01/09/2022
Rights: Licensed data (restrictions may apply)
Going Dutch? was a 2-year research project, led from the University of Sussex and funded by the UK Energy Research Centre, comparing governance arrangements for heat decarbonisation and natural gas phase-out in the UK and the Netherlands and investigating how these arrangements have been shaped by different political and institutional context. The UK and the Netherlands share a similar starting point for heat decarbonisation in that they are the countries most dependent on natural gas for heating in Europe and the OECD. However, they have taken different approaches to their heat transitions so far, with the Netherlands giving a much more central role to local government (municipalities). There are also differences within the UK, with Scotland adopting a governance approach that is closer to the Netherlands than England, where heat transition governance remains highly centralised. The project aimed to understand how wider political, administrative and economic institutions have shaped these different governance approaches, what the experience of the Dutch approach has been to date, and what lessons there might be for the UK. The topics of study included: the nature of climate governance; the roles and capacities of local government; the structure of multi-level governance; mechanisms for knowledge-sharing and learning; allocation of resources; organisation of technical support and knowledge, and public engagement and participation. The collection includes anonymised interviews with 16 observers of and participants in attempts to decarbonise residential heating in the Netherlands and the UK. The interviews were conducted between December 2021 and September 2022, and the focus of the research was on the governance arrangements for heat decarbonisation.
Publisher: UKDS
Period: 01/01/2018 - 31/12/2023
Rights: Rights not recorded
Interviews with actors concerned with local transport decarbonisation in the UK, including challenges related to finance, governance arrangements, and public support. Data were collected using a series of 54 interviews, spread equally across three case study sites: 18 Nottingham, 18 Leeds, and 18 Oxford. Of those, 12 of the Nottingham interviews, all 18 of the Leeds interviews, and 8 of the Oxford interviews are shared in this data deposit (the rest did not give permission for their data to be deposited). The interviews were designed to reveal different local perspectives on areas recent attempts to decarbonise their transport system. The initial introduction to each participant was facilitated by pre-existing professional contacts, after which subsequent participants were identified by snowballing (i.e. feedback from interview participants) in combination with criteria-specific identification (i.e. from a review of published local authority documents
Publisher: Energy Systems Catapult
Period: 01/11/2023 - 31/05/2025
Rights: CC-BY
Overview
This dataset is derived from Northern Power Grid (NPG) smart meter usage data, aggregated at LV feeder level. The data represents consumption per LV feeder, aggregated across a minimum of 5 smart meters, at half hourly resolution. The NPG usage data has been combined with LSOA data for England and Wales, to provide the relevant Output Area for each reading.The raw NPG data is available from their Open Data Portal.
Methodology
The datasets have been generated using an pipeline to automatically collect new data as it is published. The data is processed, combined with the locational data described above, and output as parquet files for each calendar month.Coverage and update rate
As of January 2026, NPG has published monthly data for November 2023 to July 2025. Each month contains data for between 1300-1700 secondary substations. Updates do not conform to any specific frequency, and there is no indication when data from August 2025 to the present will be made available.Units
Aggregated usage is provided in Wh. All timestamps are UTC.Acknowledgements
The development of the data pipeline was inspired by work on the Weave project.Publisher: Affordable Warmth Solutions
Period: 01/01/2024 - 31/12/2024
Rights: Rights not recorded
The non-gas map is a detailed map of Great Britain showing the distribution of properties without a gas grid connection across local authorities, LSOAs (lower-level super output areas) and, for registered users, postcodes. It also provided a wealth of other information about each properties and residents, from the type of house or flat to the type of heating and tenure.
Publisher: Government of Northern Ireland
Period: 01/01/2016 - 31/12/2049
Rights: Open Access
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1971 - 31/12/2049
Rights: Open Access
ONS main responsibilities are collecting, analysing and disseminating statistics about the UKs economy, society and population. This resource contains a large number of detailed datasets covering subjects such as
- The UKs national accounts (such as GDP, national income and expenditure)
- the UK balance of payments
- population, demography and migration statistics
- government output and activity
- business output and activity
- prices statistics (such as consumer prices and producer prices)
- the labour market (such as employment, unemployment and earnings)
- vital events statistics (such as births, marriages and deaths)
- social statistics (for example, about neighbourhoods and families)
- economic, societal and personal well-being
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/2015 - 31/12/2021
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
The Open Geography portal from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) provides free and open access to the definitive source of geographic products, web applications, story maps, services and APIs. Data include boundaries, administrative areas, classifications of a range of parameters as maps. All content is available under the Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated.
Publisher: UKDS
Period: 28/02/2023 - 30/03/2023
Rights: Licensed data (restrictions may apply)
The decarbonisation of domestic heating is essential for the UK to achieve net zero carbon emissions, but requires significant changes in domestic infrastructure. Public participation plays a pivotal role in this transition, yet public attitudes towards decarbonised heating remain under-researched and poorly understood. We collected a nationally representative dataset via an online survey of 2,226 individuals in Great Britain, and an additional booster sample dataset of 1,378 individuals in Scotland and Wales specifically. The survey explored attitudes to three decarbonised heating technologies currently being trialled or entering the market: heat pumps, hydrogen heating, and district heating networks. A wide dataset of interrelated variables was collected, including heating system preference and usage, knowledge and support for decarbonised heating, environmental and energy security concerns, perceptions of trust and responsibility, financial considerations, and many others. Central to the study was an informed choice decision pathway element designed to investigate key factors underlying personal willingness to adopt each technology.
Publisher: Energy Systems Catapult
Period: 01/02/2025 - 30/09/2025
Rights: CC-BY
Overview
This dataset is derived from SP Energy Networks (SPEN) smart meter usage data, aggregated at LV feeder level. The data represents consumption per LV feeder, aggregated across a minimum of 5 smart meters, at half hourly resolution. The SPEN usage data has been combined with LSOA data for England and Wales, and DZ (Data Zone) data for Scotland, to provide the relevant Output Area for each reading.The raw SPEN data is available from their Open Data Portal. SPEN publish data for their two coverage areas as separate datasets. SPD (Southern Scotland) can be found here, and SPM (North West England) can be found here.
Methodology
The datasets have been generated using an pipeline to automatically collect new data as it is published. The data is processed, combined with the locational data described above, and output as parquet files for each calendar month.Coverage and update rate
As of January 2026, the coverage and update rates for the two distinct SPEN datasets (SPM and SPD) varies. SPM contains monthly data from March 2025 to July 2025, covering around 900 secondary substations. SPD includes February 2025 (~500 substations) and September 2025 (~2000 substations) only. Update rates do not appear to conform to any specific frequency, and there is no known reason for the omission of recent or intervening months.Units
Aggregated usage is provided in Wh. All timestamps are UTC.Acknowledgements
The development of the data pipeline was inspired by work on the Weave project.Publisher: Energy Systems Catapult
Period: 01/12/2025 - 31/03/2026
Rights: CC-BY
Overview
This dataset is derived from Scottish and Southern Energy Networks (SSEN) smart meter usage data, aggregated at LV feeder level. The data represents consumption per LV feeder, aggregated across a minimum of 5 smart meters, at half hourly resolution. The SSEN usage data has been combined with LSOA data for England and Wales, and DZ (Data Zone) data for Scotland, to provide the relevant Output Area for each reading.The raw SSEN data is available from their Open Data Portal.
Methodology
The datasets have been generated using an pipeline to automatically collect new data as it is published. The data is processed, combined with the locational data described above, and output as parquet files for each calendar month.Coverage and update rate
SSEN publishes daily files, for a significant proportion of it's network coverage area (around 37,000 secondary substations). On average data is published 2-3 days behind real time. Monthly data can be collated and processed early in the following calendar month.Units
Aggregated usage is provided in Wh. All timestamps are UTC.Acknowledgements
The development of the data pipeline was inspired by work on the Weave project.Publisher: Scottish Government
Period: 01/01/1999 - 31/12/2020
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
The Scottish Household Survey (SHS) is an annual, cross-sectional survey on the composition, characteristics, attitudes and behaviour of private households and individuals as well as evidence on the physical condition of Scotlands homes. Data Explorer tool available. Earlier data are available from the archive (linked from this site).
Publisher: Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)
Period: 01/01/1970 - 31/12/2049
Rights: Open Access
National and official statistics relating to the environment, rural communities, food and farming. Environment statistics including air quality and emissions statistics, environmental protection expenditure survey, sustainable development indicators, digest of waste and resources statistics; Food statistics including food transport indicators; and Land management and environmental issues. Previous statistical releases are available on the NationalArchives.
Publisher: Energy Systems Catapult
Period: 01/01/2021 - 31/12/2023
Rights: Open Government Licence v3.0 (OGL v3.0)
Estimates of fuel poverty at the regional level are taken from the main fuel poverty statistics for 2022. Estimates at the sub-regional level are modelled and constrained to regional totals, they should only be used to look at general trends and identify areas of particularly high or low fuel poverty. They should not be used to identify detailed trends over time.
Publisher: UK Data Archive
Period: 01/04/1993 - 31/03/2008
Rights: Open Access
The Survey of English Housing (SEH) was a continuous annual survey series, which began in 1993 and covered a sample of 20,000 responding households each year. The survey provided key housing data on tenure, owner occupation and the social rented sector, and regular information about the private rented sector. It was a multi-purpose housing survey which provided a comprehensive range of basic information on households and their housing and full information on the private rented sector. The SEH was subsumed into the English Housing Survey (EHS) in 2008. Citation is:
National Centre for Social Research and Department for Communities and Local Government, Survey of English Housing, 1993/94-2007/08 (computer file). 2nd Edition. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive (distributor), June 2010. SN: 6376, http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-6376-1
National Centre for Social Research and Department for Communities and Local Government, Survey of English Housing, 1993/94-2007/08 (computer file). 2nd Edition. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive (distributor), June 2010. SN: 6376, http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-6376-1
Publisher: ESRC
Period: 01/01/2000 - 31/12/2049
Rights: Open access via registration account
The UK Data Service provides a single point of access to a wide range of social science secondary data, including international macrodata, and UK Census data. along with supporting documentation, guides and specialist support. The Economic and Social Data Service (ESDS) is now part of the UK Data Service, along with the former Secure Data Service, Survey Question Bank and elements of the ESRC Census Programme. The catalogue can be explored using the Discover tool. There is also a variable and question bank. Much of the data is open access, but registration is required for controlled and safeguarded data, and there is a charge for commercial use. Keyword searches in Discover can be refined by a wide range of facets such as case studies, series, ESRC outputs, Subject, data, spatial unit and so on.
Publisher: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM) (now superseded by DCLG)
Period: 01/01/1970 - 31/12/2020
Rights: Open Access
Historic and projected UK household and population numbers in thousands Three datasets:
UK_households.csv Number of households per year in thousands
UK_population.csv UK population in thousands
UK_population_households.xls Both combined plus calculated number of persons per household
Data developed by the Defra MTP from ODPM (now DCLG) figures, interpolated between 1991 and 2001 to account for 2001 Census data. Population projections in the period 2003 to 2021 have been linearly interpolated from five-years interval projections by UK government. For further information see BNXS25 UK household and population figures, 1970-2020, Version 2.1 (updated 12/1/2007)
UK_households.csv Number of households per year in thousands
UK_population.csv UK population in thousands
UK_population_households.xls Both combined plus calculated number of persons per household
Data developed by the Defra MTP from ODPM (now DCLG) figures, interpolated between 1991 and 2001 to account for 2001 Census data. Population projections in the period 2003 to 2021 have been linearly interpolated from five-years interval projections by UK government. For further information see BNXS25 UK household and population figures, 1970-2020, Version 2.1 (updated 12/1/2007)
Publisher: UKERC Public Engagement Observatory
Period: 01/01/2017 - 01/04/2024
Rights: Open Access
The Public Engagement Observatory of the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC) maps the many different ways that people are engaging with energy, climate change and net zero on an ongoing basis. It openly shares, experiments with, and undertakes these mappings with others to help make energy and climate-related decisions, innovations and participation more just, responsible and responsive to society. As part of this activity there is an interactive mapping dataset of diverse cases of public participation and engagement with energy, climate change and net zero occurring in the UK since 2010. Here you can explore multiple different cases of public engagement, and filter the case study dataset based on the form, topic, participants and location of engagement. https://ukerc-observatory.ac.uk/mapping/explore/
Publisher: Energy Systems Catapult
Period: 01/10/2025 - 28/02/2026
Rights: CC-BY
Overview
This dataset is derived from UK Power Networks (UKPN) smart meter usage data, aggregated at LV feeder level. The data represents consumption per LV feeder, aggregated across a minimum of 5 smart meters, at half hourly resolution. The UKPN usage data has been combined with LSOA data for England and Wales, to provide the relevant Output Area for each reading.The raw UKPN data is available from their Open Data Portal.
Methodology
The datasets have been generated using an pipeline to automatically collect new data as it is published. The data is processed, combined with the locational data described above, and output as parquet files for each calendar month.Coverage and update rate
As of January 2026, UKPN currently publishes only a small sample of their service area each month (around 15 secondary substations, 21 LV feeders). Data updates do not conform to any regular frequency, and are several months behind real time.Units
Aggregated usage is provided in Wh. All timestamps are UTC.Acknowledgements
The development of the data pipeline was inspired by work on the Weave project.Show more results
