Results:

This briefing note brings together the current state of policy and activities that CREDS and UKERC have undertaken to support data sharing.

• introduces the ETI Smart Systems and Heat Programme;
• positions the Consumer Behaviour Project within the Smart Systems and Heat Programme; and
• describes the expected interactions between the Consumer Behaviour Project and the other projects of the Smart Systems and Heat Programme.

1. 30 Homes – a longitudinal (year long) study of 30 homes in Yorkshire, Manchester, Norfolk and London.
2. HEMS Field Trial – a three-month study of 12 homes in London to consider the ease of installation and participants’ adaptability to two different smart heating control systems

• Participant retention – one of the most important successes of both projects has been the positive relationships formed with the participants and their retention. This was because of
  • Open and effective communication
  • Clear agreements
  • Small teams assigned to each participant
  • Customer care and remuneration
  • Recruitment through other activities
• Logistics - implementation of effective procedures, forms and records by a dedicated project management team guaranteedsmooth running of the project.
• Health and safety best practice – robust health and safety procedures, installation guidance, well-rehearsed incident protocol, training of staff and provision of safety documentation for participants ensured that the team was always equipped to work safely and participants were never at risk
• Data protection – a detailed data protection protocol for the wider project informed the design of a robust system for maintaining anonymity of participants for any purpose other than direct contact, ensuring secure management of personal data further built trust between the participants and the project team.
• Engagement with suppliers and manufacturers – effective engagement with the manufacturers and suppliers of equipment ensured that stock levels and lead-in times were never an issue; problems that arose were quickly solved.
• Forensic analysis – integrated data analysis / interview preparation meetings (researcher, analyst, surveyor, etc.) synthesising data insights with social and technical insights.
• Data analysis – building an understanding of the conditions and behaviour within the monitored homes; and identifying whether occupants were correctly reporting their energy use behaviours. In addition data from all the homes (although the samples were small) was aggregated and cross-compared helping to provide hints of patterns across the stock.

• Ensuring a dequate lead-in time
• Defining the Research Aims
• Establishing the Monitoring Brief
• Intellectual Property (IP)
• What could not be monitored
• Remote or in-situ data downloads
• Health and Safety – a single incident could jeopardise both the future of the project and the reputation of ETI
• Participant acceptability
• Managing additional visits
• Appointments / logistics
• Data Management

• Income: Regardless of government involvement, many low carbon technologies will require consumer investment. The scenarios have not considered a fall in income, as existing literature suggests that the average income per person will continue to rise overall to 2050. However, the rate of this change is unclear, as is the relative amount of disposable income per person. The amount of disposable income will highly influence uptake.
• Fuel Prices: Energy bills are a consumer’s primary interaction with the wider energy industry, and provide a sense of their impact in a tangible way. The degree to which fuel prices increase will put increasing pressure on the consumer, having a direct impact on demand.
• Climate Change: As extreme weather events continue to become more prominent and highly publicised, the public’s need for energy security is expected to increase. The speed at which the impacts of climate change take place will influence the rate of change in energy behaviour

• Design and rationale for the pilot methodology
• Implementation plan and timetable
• Research questions, challenges and parameters
  • Consumer needs
  • Consumer behaviour
  • Explaining behaviour
  • Variation across groups
• Recommendations on what needs to be piloted

• Qualitative Workshop pilot study
  • Design & aims
  • Recruitment & engagement
  • Topic guide & stimulus materials
  • Diary format & sequencing
  • Sequencing of qualitative study
  • Implications for main-stage study design
• Residential Data Monitoring pilot study
• Clarifications, Questions and Discussion
• Conclusions
  • The pilot has proved useful to identify potential future problems and start to investigate the usefulness of the data.
  • Considerable development work is required regarding sensors, their installation and communication between the sensors and the main hub before they can be relied on to produce good quality data i.e. accurate and 98% availability.
  • In part, this was the aim of the pilot project. The challenge is to demonstrate that this can be achieved in time for the full trial and to allow good quality discussion of results with occupants

• Health and wellbeing
• Resources e.g. finances, waste
• Agency - the capacity and willingness of a person to act independently and make choices
• Relational dynamics - the social relationship between the individual or household and others, including the wider world

• YOU - decisions made on the basis of the needs of a dependent individual;
• US - decisions made on the basis of needs of multiple household members;
• ME - decisions made on the basis of the self-interest of individuals.

• What segmentation is
• Approaches to segmentation (using an existing segmentation, creating a new one, or a hybrid of the two)
• Attributes as drivers and moderators
• The provisional segmentation
• What the segments will be used for
• Limitaitons etc
• Conclusions
  • A segmentation has been proposed that meets project needs
  • The segmentation can evolve based on data from field research
  • The segmentation encompasses the majority of the current and future UK population

• Heat energy needs
• Heating the home and keeping warm
• What do people do to keep warm?
• Keeping cool
• Heating water and using hot water
• Heat energy solutions
• A technical appendix contains supporting information on sampling , questionnaire design, briefings, fieldwork, editing and coding, data weighting, and analysis and reporting.

• What is a Smart Energy Solution?
• The Baseline Perspective
  • How important is heat to consumers?
  • Are consumers willing to change their system?
  • How can solutions better appeal to consumers?
• Controls and Feedback
• Heat Delivery and Localised Heat
  • Radiators
  • Storage Heaters
  • Underfloor Heating
  • Warm/Forced Air
  • Secondary and other localised heat
  • Body heat retentionary
• Centralised Heat Generation
  • Heat Pumps
  • Communal Heating
• Hot Water
  • What Do People Want From Hot Water?
  • On-demand Hot Water
  • Stored Hot Water
  • Needs-Focussed Summary
• Cooling and Ventilation
  • The Importance of Cooling and Ventilation
  • Active Cooling
  • Natural Ventilation
  • Mechanical Ventilation
  • Portable Ventilation/Cooling
• Insulation and Building Fabric Improvements
  • Insulation Solutions
  • Glazing Solutions
  • Preserving Appearance
• Installation Process
  • Current Approaches to Home Improvements
  • Building Improvements Into Existing Plans
  • Whole-House Approach .
  • Reducing Hassle
• Advice
  • Advice on current system
  • Advice on potential upgrades
  • Building MOT
• Paying for Energy
  • Current payment models
  • 'Paying for Comfort'
  • Communal and Community Energy
• Consumer-led Solution Evaluation and Design
• Appendix A - Large Size Assessment Tables

• Financial support
• Data or IT infrastructure
• Physical infrastructure
• Supply chain
• Legislation
• Education, training and skills
• Enabling products and tools
• Other stakeholders

• Healthy Home HEMS
• Remote Zone HEMS
• Designer Retrofit
• Smarter Secondary Heating
• Complete Comfort
• Community Retrofit Pathways

• Payment - Who pays for the service (capital costs, ongoing costs, etc.) and what funding mechanisms would best suit the concept from a customer and commercial perspectives?
• Data Management and Protection - What data is essential for the delivery of the concept? Who needs to access and manipulate this data and how will this data be protected?
• Trust - How can customers be inspired to trust the concept interms of the technologies themselves, the parties responsible for delivering the concept and in the advice they receive throughout?
• Communication Channels - How will information be conveyed to the customer? From first contact through the life and usage of the system? Who will the messenger be? How will the concept be marketed?
• Cross-Tenure Appeal - How might the concept appeal to different tenures? What about to different customer types? What is the market size for the concept?

• Heat and Humans
  • The UK Heat Landscape
  • The Challenge
  • Meeting the Challenge
• What do consumers need from heat?
  • What needs drive consumer use of heat?
  • What do consumers do to heat their homes, heat water and keep warm?
  • How do needs drive behaviours?
  • How do consumer behaviours impact energy consumption?
• How do we design better solutions?
  • What are the challenges?
  • How to improve uptake/generate demand?
  • What are the potential impacts of better solutions?
  • Implications for the market
• Appendix: Detailed Needs Linkages

• People have wide-ranging needs that influence how they use heat energy in the home. But it appears that only a relatively small sub-set of these needs drive day-to-day, routine behaviours
• The needs that drive day-to-day, routine behaviours exist along a continuum of priority:some are fundamental needs, while other more peripheral and better described as ‘wants’. These peripheral needs only come into focus and become an influence on behaviour as people’s core needs are met sufficiently
• It is not only needs, however, that affect what people actually do. A dynamic and interacting set of household-level factors, encompassing people, property and systemaffect how and to what extent people are able to meet these needs, and which needs come into focus and influence behaviour
• People adopt complex control strategies to meet their needs. Some are highly sophisticated and considered, while others may be rudimentary and reflexive. They are also highly variable, given that people are working around a variable mix of people/property/system factors.
• What appears to remain constant across the population is that control strategies enable people to meet the aims (or fundamental needs) of comfort and health, while being prepared or required to make trade-offs in relation to the means (more peripheral needs, such as cost and convenience) by which they get there.
• People are extraordinarily adaptable yet highly resistant to change once they have developed a strategy that allows them to meet their basic health and comfort needs. They tend to make adaptations to their energy systems onlywhen there is a disruption to their normal flow of life that ‘pushes’ them to change.

• policy interdependenciesand regulatory stability,
• harmonisation of standards and
• data protection policy.

1. Interoperability is a vital prerequisite for a successful trial and a workable, enduring smart energy system;
2. New system control techniques will be essential for performing groundbreaking functions in a dynamic, bi-directional energy environment;
3. Due regard should be paid towhat data needs to be transferred from within, and between, the various tiers of the smart energy system, and what security should be in place to ensure that critical national infrastructure and customer information is appropriately protected.

• HiPerDNO
• OpenNode
• NIST IR 7628 Smart Grid Cyber Security
• Prototype Island Smart Grid
• Autonomous Decentralised Transport Operation Control System
• Traffic Management System for Kyushu Shinkansen train
• Danish Cell Controller Pilot Project
• M/490 Smart Grid Information Security working group
• EU-Commission Smart Grid Task Force (SGTF)

• The market and press reaction to the initial rollout is crucial to future success. Early failures in performance, service or cost will be very difficult to recover from
• There is significant potential from linking low carbon retrofit with other large scale domestic changes: flood protection, smart meter rollout, water company initiatives and IT, electrical or gas infrastructure repair and upgrade.
• Although a street by street approach is considered by some to be more effective, the project team can see limited potential to engage consumers in the dominant Owner Occupier market. In addition a correctly designed process should deliver equally cost effectively for single properties
• Retrofit should enable a general improvement in the currently poor condition of UK housingstock, or at least reduce the rate of further decline
• Mass scale retrofit models can support and be encouraged by other initiatives such as Energy Company Obligations (ECO) and the Green Deal if presentation to the public is clear and objectives are seen to be aligned.

1. the consumer,
2. the solutions implemented
3. the delivery mechanism itself and
4. the potential business opportunities.

The ETI Approach was subsequently subjected to testing, evaluation and improvement via the ETI’s “Domestic Retrofit Demonstration Project”.

• The performance of the ETI Approach;
• The delivery of the ETI Approach;
• The consumer acceptability of the ETI Approach;
• The commercial viability of the ETI Approach.

• RetroFix™: Installation period - maximum two weeks; capital cost of £10,000; primary energy consumption reduction of 25% - 40%
• RetroPlus™: Installation period - maximum three weeks; capital cost of £15,000 - £20,000; primary energy consumption reduction of 40% - 60%

• Efficient and advanced survey methods are essential to identify the underlying conditions of the property.
• A library of standard installation details and technical solutions has been proven to reduce time and hence cost at the design stage.
• High performance insulation and building products used in the Retrofit Approach are still at the top end niche of the market.
• Installer productivity is a major opportunity for reduced programme periods and resource costs, however productivity must not be prioritised over quality otherwise the Retrofit Approach cost and technical performance targets will not be achieved.
• It is evident from the demonstration houses that when the retrofit measures are installed correctly there is a significant improvement to the thermal performance of the property, which in turn proves the Retrofit Approach target saving for heat energy consumption.
• The supply chain is not yet set up for delivery logistics to individual home retrofit projects.

Welcome to the Energy Materials Availability Handbook (EMAH), a brief guide to some of the materials that are critical components in low carbon energy technologies. In recent years concern has grown regarding the availability of a host of materials critical to the development and manufacturing of low carbon technologies.

In this handbook we examine 10 materials or material groups, presenting the pertinent facts regarding their production, resources, and other issues surrounding their availability. Three pages of summary are devoted to each material or material group. A how to use guide is provided on the following pages.

• Bidders Pack deliverable D4, EnergyPath Networks Modelling Local Energy System Designs Report, incorporating:
• Bidders Pack deliverable D2 EPN Use-Cases Limitations and Uncertainty

• The types of data that are needed, the sources from which it is available and any restrictions on use.
• The data processing required and associated costs.
• The assumptions, exclusions, limitations and value of data in supporting decision making.
• Other data that might be available and valuable for validation of modelling outputs and supporting local area energy planning in the future.
• Methods for gathering additional data and how these could be phased into local area planning

• a description of the policy imperative which supports local area energy planning;
• an assessment of how this fits inwith energy planning already being undertaken by various local authorities and energy network operators across the UK;
• an explanation of the steps to be taken in adopting a whole system approach to local area energy planning outlining how local areas can follow an approach which reflects local circumstances to achieve decarbonisation goals, clean growth and other local drivers such as energy security and affordability, reflecting government advice.

• Home Service Company
• Home Comfort Contract
• Home Moderniser
• Neighbourhood Heat and Electricity
• Urban Renewal

• What do we use energy for...?
• An emissions reduction plan
• Priorities to 2030
• Heat - now and in the future
• Which system to pick...?
• Requires local area energy planning... Enabled by EnergyPathNetworks toolset
• SSH Programme Structure
• Where next in low carbon heating...

• Demand for On Highway Heavy Duty Vehicles will grow from 3.34m vehicles in 2015 to 4.24m vehicles in 2030 (in the 6 large markets studied).
• The majority of this growth will be in the >7.5 ton vehicle sector, as the Chinese and Indian road transportation markets mature from an “owner operator” model towards a “fleet operator” model. The increase in vehicle weight will increase demand for larger displacement engines (>6 litres) and also encourage further uptake of Automatic Manual Transmissions (AMT) at the expense of manual transmissions.
• Diesel will remain as the dominant fuel type for HDVs with ~85% HDVs powered by Diesel Internal Combustion Engines in 2030.
• It is expected that City Buses will have greater levels of hybridisation and there will be a variety of technical solutions for City Buses, including fully electric, as inner city air quality concerns and legislation increases.
• Emissions legislation will continue to develop in the various regions, with increasing harmonisation between the standards. There is a trend towards increasing number of regulated pollutants, over a larger number of tests and an increased duration (life) that the vehicle must meet the targets. Some regions are beginning to use CO₂ / fuel efficiency regulations and it is expected that this trend will spread to other regions over time

• Current HEMS market in the UK is dominated by relatively simple products with slim margins
• The real long term aim is to establish and own the customer relationship in the home; simple HEMS products are the gateway device to a connected-home
• The connected-home market is most likely to be led by ambitious and well-funded technology players
• Telcos are also well-placed to move into the space with bundled offerings but no sign as yet
• Of the Big 6, currently only British Gas is demonstrating the ambition to drive development of the HEMS market
• Advanced ESCo offers are likely to take longer to, or may never, develop in the market
• Smart home development likely to develop later as an evolution from earlier automation
• The big prize for ETI is in developing the Advanced ESCo proposition where there are 3 primary opportunities identified
  • Right-sizing of heating solutions
  • Optimisation of time of use and demand response benefits via local storage
  • Arbitrage-driven operation of hybrid heat pumps
• Preparing for a non-energy led scenario may also be sensible to consider, especially in the shorter term

• ESCOs ‘right-size’ heating solutions then provide supply contracts with price guarantees
• HEMS enable optimised ToU tariffs and DR benefits via localstorage
• Hybrid heat pump driving arbitrage opportunities in the home

This workshop was a joint event organised by CREDS and UKERC Sarah Higginson, Catherine Jones, Kate Kwok, Marina Topouzi, Mike Fell, Gesche Huebner and facilitated by Mike Colechin

Despite these benefits, barriers such as regulatory gaps, cultural inertia within the construction sector, and lack of consumer awareness hinder MMCs widespread adoption. In light of current challenges, the study underscores the imp

• Description of the main phenomena
• Observations and geomagnetic indices
• Methodologies
• Related phenomena; solar energetic particles and groundlevel enhancement, ionospheric scintillation effects on satellite communication and GNSS signal, GIC and pipelines, hazard combinations
• Regulation
• Emerging trends

• Introduction
• Description of the main phenomena
• Observations, measurements techniques and modelling tools
• Methodologies
• Related phenomena; seismicity
• Regulation
• Emerging trends

• whole life emissions from the vehicle parc (including the achievement, or otherwise, of target reductions). The whole life emissions are also subdivided into emissions associated with usage and emissions associated with production and scrappage;
• Exchequer spend and revenues;
• the sustainability of the market for PiVs; and
• the deployment and sustainabilityof public charge points

• An outline of the new research undertaken
• An overview of the modelling and analysis methodology
• The key results from the modelling and analysis work.
• Key observations and insights emerging from the modelling and analysis together with top-down confirmation using key supporting data; and
• The overall conclusions and recommendations, with reference to implications for particular stakeholders.

• Generic Business Models
• Scenarios Development Final Report
• New Revenue Streams
• Detailed report on Computer Modelling
• Energy Scenarios Comparison Report

• The installed generation capacity in the chosen UKERC scenarios was not sufficient to supply demand once the loads from plug-in charging modelled within this project were applied: the adopted method of increasing plant capacityby scaling up the capacity ofeach plant category was chosen so that the scenarios conform as closely as possible to the initial mix in the UKERC scenarios.This scaling was found to be critically important to the outcome of the modelling.
• The modelling show sthat choice of scenario (i.e. combination of capacity mix and commodity price) and its evolution through the years are much stronger drivers of modelling outcomes than are the different charging profiles
• Cost of electricity and carbon intensities should only be taken from the No EV demand scenarios. We do not recommend using figures from scenarios with EV charging overnight or at peak times;
• Within day profiles (including regressions) for cost of electricity and carbon intensity should only be used (if at all) for low levels of EV demand (say, less than 2 GW). For larger levels of EV demand, we recommend using a single annual average figure;
• We recommend using average carbon intensities when evaluating the carbon intensity of EVs as these provide the best approximation to the true impact;
• The observed grid emission factor for 2009 should be used as an estimate of 2010 rather than the model output
• The charging regime adopted for electric vehicles has little impact on annual average electricity wholesale prices;
• Under some, but not all, choices of mechanism for incentivising investment in low carbon electricity generation overnight charging would result in lower emissions than would after-journey charging and the magnitude of this benefit is highly dependent on other scenario conditions;
• There are benefits from overnight charging in the transmission and distribution sectors of the electricity industry and it seems unlikely that there are credible scenarios in which there is a dis-benefit from overnight charging in the generation sector, so there seem to be adequate grounds to encourage this behaviour.

• 3.1 Scenario Development
• 3.2 Revenue stream analysis (including the role of value added services)
• 3.3 Economic sensitivity and carbon offset analysis

• Methodology - this section describes the methodology, defines the business models considered, and outlines the scenarios used in the business model assessment.
• Business viability summary - this section summarises the viability of the business models for each scenario highlighting the main reasons behind each assessment, taken from the more detailed analysis.
• Business model analysis - this section gives detailed analysis of each business model in a consistent format that describes current and analogous experience, enablers, barriers, socio-economic benefits, strategic risk, political risk, subsidy, and legislation
• Appendices - including take-up forecasts, sources, a list of interviewees, analysis of the differences between BEVs, REEVs and PHEVs, and a summary of relevant subsidy and legislation
  
  This project was undertaken and delivered prior to 2012, the results of this project were correct at the time of publication and may contain, or be based on, information or assumptions which have subsequently changed.

• New revenue streams arising from the integration of vehicles and charging infrastructure could affect the development of the PIV market
• Desktop research and information from interviews with industry stakeholders informs the assessment of new revenue streams
• Only one new revenue stream, infrastructure hosting, is likely to significantly impact the development of the PIV market
• Strong substitutes and legislative barriers make four of the business models unviable
• Expected low demand for public charging makes two of the business models unviable

• T0 Base (in which all variables are set to their base levels)
• T1 All circumstances are maximally favourable to PiV sales
• T2 All circumstances are minimally favourable to PiV sales
• T3 Government incentives as announced and all other factors are maximally favourable to PiV sales
• T4 Government incentives as announced and all other factors are minimally favourable to PiV sales
• T5 High rate of growth in UK GDP
• T6 Low rate of growth in UK GDP
• T7 High rate of growth in global economy
• T8 Medium rate of growth in global economy with a green emphasis
• T9 Medium rate of growth in global economy with high oil price
• T10 Medium rate of growth in global economy with oil price spike
• T11 Low rate of growth in global economy
• T12 Minimised carbon emissions

The challenge of rapidly decarbonising our energy system can't be addressed if only half of the population is involved. Unfortunately it's old news that women are significantly underrepresented in Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) subjects, with the UK having the lowest proportion of female engineers in the EU. Across all academic disciplines women account for 58% of Postgraduate students but only 25% of Professors.

Our research explores the current state of gender balance in UK energy research. We looked at the data and talked to female energy researchers about their experience of securing research funding and of academic life. They told us what needs to change.

• Requirements
• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) System Definitions
• Life Cycle Impact (LCI) Assessment
• Life Cycle Processes
• Technology Level Rationale
• Tidal Stream Array Siting Considerations
• Specific Modelling Considerations
• Calculation of Carbon Payback Interval
• Evaluation and Reviewing of Results
• Reporting and Interpretation of Results
• Appendices
  • A: System Boundary Details
  • B: Waste Disposal
  • C: Transport Details
  • D: Tidal Current Probability Data
  • E: Data Collection Considerations
  • F: Global Warming Potential

Energy System Demonstrators are physical demonstrations testing new technologies for low-carbon energy infrastructure.

A review of energy systems demonstrator projects in the UK was undertaken for UKERC by the Energy Systems Research Unit (ESRU) at the University of Strathclyde. The review encompassed 119 demonstrators and consisted of two phases: 1) the identification of demonstrator projects and 2) an analysis of projects and their outcomes.

Energy demonstrators

The review defined an energy system demonstrator as "the deployment and testing of more than one technology type that could underpin the operation of a low-carbon energy infrastructure in the future". Only demonstrators that post-date the 2008 Climate Change Act were included and that included a physical demonstration at one or more UK sites. 119 projects were identified that met the search criteria.

There were two phases of review activity. Phase 1 involved identification and documentation of demonstration projects, involving a systematic search to identify and record the details of projects. Phase 2 was a review of project outcomes and outputs, particularly end-of-project evaluations, covering technical, economic and social outcomes where available.

The review outputs (available here) are a final report summarising the findings, 119 demonstrator project summaries (the Phase 1 reports), 119 demonstrator output analyses (the Phase 2 reports) and a GIS (Geographic Information System) map and database showing the locations and project details of the demonstrators.

The final report, attendant project summaries and GIS data are intended to provide policy makers and funding bodies with an overview of the existing demonstrator "landscape", enabling decisions on future demonstrator calls and the focus of those calls to be made with a clearer knowledge of what has already been done.

Project files

• Access the demonstrators GIS map here.
• Access the Phase 1 summaries here.
• Access the Phase 2 summaries here.

The energy field for research, development and operation is very multi-disciplinary, it ranges over domains from psychology to heavy engineering, including materials development, economics, politics and agriculture. This spread of domains means that there is not a single community to develop agreed controlled vocabularies but many, each focussed on their needs.

• Examines initiatives (with a clear focus on heat), successes and lessons learned; their outcomes / next steps; and possible learnings for the UK
• Identifies the policies driving these initiatives
• Identifies who’s involved and why

• Recommended countries where there are many learnings for the ETI are Denmark and the Netherlands– heat pumps, market structures, district heating, and exploiting synergies between electric and gas networks.
• Specific projects / areas for investigation in these countries are pointed out
• Consider customer recruitment for trials at a very early stage and place the customer proposition at the heart of project design
• The ETI may be able to utilise platforms / hardware / software that has already been developed for other projects
• We see an absence, generally, of how gas, electricity and heat networks can work together, but some projects integrating two networks into a wider system. We believe this is a critically important aspect of a ‘smart heat system’
• Business models and market frameworks that the ETI could utilise
• Examples of highly relevant purely private sector innovations

UKERC welcomes the Scottish Government's energy and climate policy ambition, and applaud the valuable lead it is taking on energy. This has the potential to bring economic and social advantages - for example, the development of low carbon industrial capability with export potential and jobs, and improved air quality with associated health benefits. However, it is also important to ensure that the scale and pace of the transition minimises the additional costs for consumers. This can be achieved by supporting technological innovaiton that further reduces the costs of low carbon technologies and by maximising investments in energy efficiency.

• As part of the design process the current and future energy use of buildings together with the options for building retrofit must be known.
• Improved knowledge of local housing stock will help to improve estimates of energy demand in local areas and the appropriate retrofit measures.
• Knowledge of housing types and ages is an essential first step.
• Additional informationon the size of individual properties, the level of insulation (or other retrofit measures), the glazing and the heating and hot water system can help to improve estimates beyond those possible when only a simple property archetype has been identified.
• It will also enable better estimates of the opportunities for retrofit with the potential benefits and associated costs.
• Cost effective methods will be required to collect and collate this data across large areas.

• This research begins with a detailed review of the literature that examines community engagement for energy and non-energy infrastructure projects, incorporating in sight from Government, academic exercisesand non-statutory expert bodies.
• This desk top research is supported by a number of in depth interviews with those reponsible for community engagement in four UK local authority areas: Newcastle City Council, Leeds City Council, Cornwall County Council and the Greater Manchester Combined Authority.
• In addition, these UK case studies we examine some international examples Bottrop (a German city in the Ruhr Valley that is currently embarking on an all-encompassing city-wide energy efficiency scheme) and the Energiesprong pilot project in Tilburg, The Netherlands.
• The final element of primary research is interviews conducted with the community engagement team at the two major non-energy infrastructure projects, Crossrail and the Thames Tidal Gateway project in London.
• Using the primary and desktop research, a range of key principles and methods of communityengagement for the roll out of the EnergyPath Networks tool are identified as key findings.
• In terms of best practice methods, we set out a range of examples related to types of engagement. In addition, we have considered methods with regard to ‘involving’, i.e. providing opportunities for all parties involved in a project to become actively involved and whereby the process provides a genuine opportunity for the local community to have an influence on particular proposals or initiatives.
• We make the important point of the need to recognise that too rigid a categorisation of methods can in some case, inhibit creativity, which is an important factor to retain if engagement is to be effective.
• In terms of the question of community ownership, overall, it is concluded that there is no clear evidence at this stage that an element of community ownership indeveloping energy infrastructure assists in achieving widespread public support.
• We set out our recommended approach to engagement with local communities for the EnergyPath Networks tool model.
• A key finding is that there is no ‘one size fits all approach’ to community engagement and a bespoke approach is needed, tailored to individual communities and local contexts.
• We also set out a number of best practice principles of community engagement which we recommended are taken forward by the ETI.

• Phase 1:The first phase will develop the toolkit and capacity to deliver the prototype ‘product’ to mass market consumers;
• Phase 2:The second phase will validate this with a significant system level demonstration;
• Phase 3:The third phase will focus on commercialisation.

The UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC) is in its fourth five-year phase of research and engagement activities, which will run until April 2024. In addition to the core programme of research, a number of mechanisms have been put in place to ensure that participation in UKERC is broad, flexible and addresses the needs of the wider UK research community.

A Flexible Fund of around £3m (valued at 80% FEC) has been set up in order to commission new research and facilitate the integration of the existing programme. The Fund is overseen by UKERC’s independent Research Committee. The key aims of the Fund are:

• To allow the research programme to develop flexibly in the light of new scientific insights or external developments, e.g. in energy policy;
• To bring a wider range of researchers and disciplines into UKERC’s research programme, including researchers from outside the ‘traditional’ energy community;
• To promote integration in the UKERC research programme, and to fill gaps where needed;
• To build collaborations between the UKERC research community and other research communities – including other energy researchers, groups and centres; and
• To scope and develop new research agendas in partnership with funders, the research community and other stakeholders.

This report presents the outputs of two key consultation activities on potential Flexible Fund topics :

• Section 2 of this report sets out the outcomes of a workshop held on the 12th February with attendees from across the UK research community. This presents the research areas and ideas that were the most popular in the voting exercise, the key issues that were discussed in each of the breakouts and a record of the full list of ideas in each breakout group, as well as the outcomes of the voting exercise.
• Section 3 presents the results of an online survey.

On the 3rd of October 2016 a workshop was held at Imperial College in London in order to identify potential priority topics for the third round of funding. The interim outcomes of the scoping paper on non-energy policies were presented during the workshop. The attendees were then split into three groups where they had the opportunity to suggest potential topics for the third round of funding. This included specific discussion of potential research on the impact of non-energy policies. The participants also discussed the potential for funding smaller projects of up to 50k with the specific aim of building new collaborations. Towards the end of the day the participants undertook a prioritisation exercise to determine which potential topics they would prefer to see funded.

This report outlines the discussions that took place during the workshop and the outcomes of the voting ex

Scope of the Call for Evidence and objectives in respect of flexibility

We welcome the attention being paid by Ofgem and BEIS to the need for flexibility in Britain’s electricity system. In our view the main reason to support electricity system flexibility is that it can help minimise the costs of meeting the UK’s statutory climate targets whilst ensuring that system security is not compromised. The electricity system’s ability to adapt to changing demand in timescales of years down to minutes and varying availability of power from different resources will be extremely important to meeting these policy goals. Furthermore, action is needed so that those consumers that are best able to adapt their patterns of use of electricity have sufficient incentives and rewards for doing so. One manifestation of the main goal in accommodating future generation and demand is an objective to maximise the utilisation (across each year of operation) of electricity system assets, i.e. generators, network components and storage facilities.

Whilst the title of the call for evidence focuses on ‘a smart, flexible energy system’, most of the raised relate to the electricity system. We have therefore focused most of our responses on electricity rather than the energy system as a whole. Our responses are selective. We have only answered those questions where we can offer relevant evidence, based on our research and expertise.

• Energy Storage
• Flexible Demand
• Pricing and tariffs
• Procurement of System Services
• Interactions between transmission and distribution
• Industry Leadership
• Roles in planning and operating the future power system
• Evidence and access to data

Scope of the Call for Evidence and objectives in respect of flexibility

We welcome the attention being paid by Ofgem and BEIS to the need for flexibility in Britain's electricity system. In our view the main reason to support electricity system flexibility is that it can help minimise the costs of meeting the UK's statutory climate targets whilst ensuring that system security is not compromised. The electricity system's ability to adapt to changing demand in timescales of years down to minutes and varying availability of power from different resources will be extremely important to meeting these policy goals. Furthermore, action is needed so that those consumers that are best able to adapt their patterns of use of electricity have sufficient incentives and rewards for doing so. One manifestation of the main goal in accommodating future generation and demand is an objective to maximise the utilisation (across each year of operation) of electricity system assets, i.e. generators, network components and storage facilities.

Whilst the title of the call for evidence focuses on 'a smart, flexible energy system', most of the raised relate to the electricity system. We have therefore focused most of our responses on electricity rather than the energy system as a whole. Our responses are selective. We have only answered those questions where we can offer relevant evidence, based on our research and expertise.

This document only answers questions 28 -32 inclusive. Another document is available http://ukerc.rl.ac.uk/UCAT/PUBLICATIONS/Response_to_Ofgem-BEIS_call_for_evidence-smart_flexible_energy_system.pdf which gives answers to other questions in the consultation.

The Transport Studies Group (TSG) at the University of Westminster was commissioned by the Department for Transport (DfT) to carry out a scoping study to identify the potential for the development of urban consolidation centres (UCCs).

UCCs have been subject to much discussion and occasional trials, but to date there has been a lack of evidence-based information upon which potential operators or policy-makers can base decisions as to the viability of such initiatives. This report is intended to assist with the provision and interpretation of that information.

Broadly speaking the key purpose identified for UCCs is the avoidance of the need for vehicles to deliver part loads into urban centres or other large developments. This objective can be achieved by providing facilities whereby deliveries can be consolidated for subsequent delivery into the area in an appropriate vehicle with a high level of load utilisation.

The main components of the study have been:

For the purposes of this project, a UCC is best described as a logistics facility that is situated in relatively close proximity to the geographic area that it serves, be that a city centre, an entire town or a specific site (e.g. shopping centre), from which consolidate deliveries are carried out within that area. A range of other value-added logistics and retail services can also be provided at the UCC.

The work carried out in this project suggests that, from a logistics perspective, the major potential beneficiaries from the establishment of UCCs would be:

1. Introduction
2. Synthesis of Key Issues
3. Appraisal of Urban Consolidation Centre Schemes
4. A Framework for Urban Consolidation Centre Evaluation
5. Conclusions
6. Recommendations

• Appendix 1: Summary Review of Literature
• Appendix 2: UCC Data Sheets
• Appendix 3: Interview Topic Guide
• Appendix 4: UCC Classification Proposed by Other Authors

• The basic characteristics of the energy value chainshave led to deep policy and regulatory interventions that largely shape energy sector business models. This will not change and policy needs to be recognised as a primary driver of future business models.
• As a consequence, policy and regulatory change is a primary facilitator of business model change.
• Management of fuel price risk drives both business models and value propositions.
• Access to financeas a driver of business models is likely to become increasingly important.
• There are significant barriers to change in the energy sector on the supply and demand sides.
• Despite these barriers, substantial new opportunities for new businesses will arise in response the challenges associated with a move to the low-carbon economy.

• Energy Outcomes, and a hybrid including additional storage;
• Energy Mutual;
• Community Energy, and a hybrid including Energy Outcomes; and
• Power Buffer.

• Methodology for our qualitative policy analysis,
• Findings
• Shortlist of policies considered in the cost-benefit analysis
• Tables summarising the qualitative assessmentof each policy in turn.

• A brief summary of the framework for customer uptake used within the main report
• How customer attitudes to risk can be incorporated into this framework.
• How customer uptake (both of interventions and of business models which can package up interventions) is modelled within BMET.
• Implications for quantitative customer uptake modelling
  • The “rational agent” approach to modelling adopted by BMET can provide important insights into the long-run potential for interventions, and how business models may be able to overcome specific barriers that can already be quantified (for example, credit constraints).
  • While theoretical predictive models of consumer take-up do exist, it would not be possible to produce a quantitative model that attempts to forecast all relevant aspects of uptake. However, BMET does provide a framework for thinking about uptake. It could help design questions and inform the design of trials to investigate how consumers make these types of decisions within the energy sector.

• Why customers are more likely to take up interventions with relatively short payback periods
• Whether business model providers can help overcome these constraints
• This analysis is primarily focussed on household-level interventions (HEMS,cavity, internal and external wall insulation, and heat pumps). District heat also has long payback periods, and we briefly consider the issues for this technology. While the nature of district heat means that individual consumer contracts might prove less of a barrier, systematic uncertainties are likely to require risk-sharing with government.
• Quantitative modelling from BMET is used to examine the likely payback periods of different types of low-carbon interventions for different customer groups, and look at what might be required to bring these to within a 5-10 year window.

Overall, we find that HEMS and cavity wall insulation are the only interventions which are likely to have payback periods within such a window given BMET default assumptions.

This document was prepared at the time to contribute to ETI internal thinking and planning only.

• Providing fixed-bill contracts
• Using heat pumps and HEMS to provide DSR servicesto entities such as suppliers, DNOs, and National Grid.

• the thermalefficiency of the existing housing stock; and
• the potential for (and cost of) further improvements in thermal efficiency through insulation retrofits tailored to the BMET property archetypes.

• Businesses can be well placed to make it easier for consumers to choose low–carbon interventions.
• Policy support is also required to tackle the fact that some low-carbon interventions currently cost more and in some cases provide fewer benefits to consumers, relative to the incumbent options.
• Whether subsidies in excess of the carbon price would be justified, depends on the extent to which we believe:
• there are wider benefits from low-carbon heating interventions, such as improvements to health and wellbeing;
  • the costs of heat pumps and solidwall insulation will be driven down by the growth of the UK market (rather than global growth); and
  • there are no alternative, more cost-effective options across the energy system for meeting carbon targets.
  These issues would need to be examined further,before a case could be made.
• District heat will also require policy support.

• Annex 1a: Case studies
• Annex 1b: Analysis of existing policy
• Annex 1c: Energy efficiency and low-carbon heating in Germany
• Annex 2a: Qualitative policy analysis
• Annex 2b: Cost benefit analysis of policies
• Annex 3a: Modelling customer uptake (including attitudes to risk)
• Annex 3b: Payback period drivers
• Annex 3c: Factors affecting intervention take-up order
• Annex 3d: Elements of business model offerings
• Annex 3e: Assumptions on current and future levels of insulation

• uptake of a new proposition has occurred;
• the demand side characteristics are similar; and
• the supply side characteristics are similar.

• Which of the barriers and risks that are important to uptake in the SSH sector are important to uptake in the case study sectors and why?
• How do these vary by customer type?
• How have these barriers and risks been overcome?

• mobile phones;
• mortgages;
• boiler insurance;
• dynamic teleswitched meters and tariffs;
• Nest; and
• the motor industry.

• We first summarise our findings.
• We then review existing heat and energy efficiency policies in the UK and internationally, analysing how far policies have overcome barriers to uptake, and their wider effectiveness (e.g. in terms of cost, or impact on industry confidence).

• No ‘silver bullet.’ Our analysis has shown that there is no ‘silver bullet’ that effectively addresses all barriers at onc
• Absent mandating, overcoming or bypassing interestbarriers is a prerequisite for policy success.TheGreen Deal hashad little success in this area to date.
• Supplier obligations have been successful in driving energy efficiency take up but they may not result in the most effective delivery.
• Mandating can be an effective last resort.
• To minimise the cost of mandated standards, they should be set in as broad a way as possible. 
• Setting broad mandates also helps avoid adverse outcomes.
• If financial incentives are high enough, manyother barriers can be overcome.
• Alignment with long-term decarbonisation goals has not always been achieved.
• To be effective, financial incentives must be designed with awareness and interest barriersin mind.
• Consumers’ tendency to focus on near term costs and benefitsand credit constraints could also be driving low take up of financial incentives that are not paid up front.
• Upfront grants may be a more cost effective way of driving uptake than ongoing payments.
• Green Deal loans have not been a success.
• District heat development internationally has relied on a range of enabling policy measures.
• Experience with district heat also highlights the importance of supply side and competition policy.

• Germany is a world leader in energy efficiency, including low-carbon heating.Germanyis one of thefew countries in the world whose rate of primary as well as end user energy consumption has been falling for years despite increased economic output.
• Uptake of low-carbon heating interventions isstrong in Germany.
• Germany also has a pioneering role for smart home solutions
• Policy measures and instruments are a key driverof the comparably high uptake of energy efficient and low carbon systems in Germany. Building regulations mandate adoption of lower carbon heating solutions and of thermal insulation in newly built properties in Germany. Various other policy measures also support voluntary uptake, such as funding as set out in the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan.
• Policy in Germany also supports certain heating technologies by “indirect subsidies”.
• Other drivers of uptake are high (residential) energy and fuel prices, replacement of old buildings and demographic changes followed by urban restructuring.
• The promotion of cogeneration (combined heat and power) is another package of measures to increaseenergy efficiency.

• stamp duty rebates;
• council tax rebates;
• grants;
• including energy bills in headline rental prices; and
• a package of regulation and support for district heat.

Policies such as these will succeed or fail based on their ability to overcome barriers to the take up of low-carbon heating interventions. As many of these barriers are intrinsically difficult to model, many of the most useful insights from this exercise are qualitative in nature, and these are summarised.

In the remainder of this document, we set out the framework used for the quantitative analysis, and present results for each policy in turn.

This document was prepared at the time to contribute to ETI internal thinking and planning only.

• Consumer Response & Behavious Analysis
• Literature Review Personality and Risky Heat Decisions
• Household Heating Design Aids
• Segmentation Analysis

• Consumer Response & Behavious Analysis
• Literature Review Personality and Risky Heat Decisions
• Household Heating Design Aids
• Segmentation Analysis

• Consumer Response & Behaviours Analysis
• Literature Review Personality and Risky Heat Decisions
• Household Heating Design Aids
• Segmentation Analysis

1. Phase-change materials in a storage unit – using the Sunamp or other system to provide storage over a day or a few days.
2. A seasonal storage pit – using solar thermal energy to store energy from summer to winter.
3. Electric storage heaters – powered by excess solar PV and cheap Economy 7 electricity overnight.
4. A thermochemical system – included for its potential as a disruptive technology, which may need a buffer tank until system designs are refined

• Across all model runs, the average total costs were �7.23 billion. However, the Business as Usual scenario costs were �6.59 billion, suggesting that decarbonisation costs �0.66 billion. Business as usualwill see homes remain on gas boilers and continued significant investment in high carbon infrastructure.
• A 95% local carbon reduction target is achievable, providing some form of low carbon energy centres can be deployed, such as large-scale heat pumps.
• Meeting a 95% carbon target will require at least 82% of domestic properties to transition away from their current heating system. Across all model runs, on average, 97% of buildings changed heating systems.
• Building fabric retrofit could be a quick win in areas of Bridgend where fuel poverty is high.
• There is no one solution. Transition will require a mix of different technologies for different types
  of geography, buildings and people.
• Building level changes result in significant network changes, in terms of both electricity network
  upgrade and new build district heat.

• Consider local constraints on the siting of certain technologies and options resulting from EnergyPath Networks view of the least cost decarbonisation scenario.
• Were informed by a practical engineering review of barriers to low carbon technology deployment within specific local areas which examined the outputs of the analysis and project stakeholder group feedback.

• Planning
• Subsidy/Financial Support
• Market Structure, Liquidity and Pricing
• Energy Regulation

This document sets out the evidence base in support of a local energy strategy for Bury.

Key conclusions

• By 2050 Bury can reduce its building emissions by 98% from 1990 levels. A 95% reduction could be achieved by 2040.
• These carbon savings would not come easily.
• There are limited windows of opportunity to replace domestic heating systems.
• If Greater Manchester and Bury aim for a more ambitious carbon target of nearly zero carbon by 2050 then low carbon heating needs to accelerate. Heating systems need to become low carbon at the earliest opportunity
• For some areas and homes in Bury, if lower carbon gas is not available it is clear that electric heating is a cost effective way to decarbonise
• For other areas there is the potential to have a lower cost solution using district heating networks.
• There is significant uncertainty today in the future costs of both electric heating systems including heat pumps and heat networks.
• Decarbonising non-domestic buildings is necessary.
• Some non-domestics are modelled to use heat industrially and so are difficult to switch to a low carbon source.
• Local renewable energygeneration can play an important role.
• Meeting carbon targets will come at a cost.
• Most consumers are not currently familiar with the transitional technologies discussed in this report.
• Many consumers will value the sunk cost of their current heating system that is not at end of life – even if a new system would save them money overall.
• Even familiar technologies cannot be assumed to be easy to implement.
• Transitional technologies could help to tackle some of these consumer issues.
• The relative future costs of fuels, heating systems and fabric retrofit options closely influence which options are likely to be preferable.
• The level and cost of network new build and reinforcement and the opportunities for solar PV and battery storage are projected to be different depending on location, demonstrating why local area energy planning is needed to manage the process.
• Consideration will need to be given to how heat network costs are socialised across the local area.

• Reductions in energy consumption and carbon emissions, and
• Wider benefits such as improvements in health and increased employment.

We welcome the Welsh Government's interest in locally owned renewable energy. Our response draws on a range of research undertaken by the Heat and the City research group at the University of Edinburgh, including a UK-wide study of local authorities and energy; and on the Financing Community Energy research project being led by Tyndall Manchester.

In our response we made the following general comments, before responding to individual points raised in the call:

• We suggest that greater attention should be paid to city/town/settlement scale infrastructure for a low carbon energy system, including area based upgrading of the built environment and low carbon heating infrastructure. Heat and energy efficiency for a low energy building stock are crucial to meeting Welsh and UK Government legally binding targets for carbon abatement.
• At national scale, Wales has opportunities for sharing risk, costs and benefits of energy developments - i.e. the direct benefit to the citizens of Wales through public ownership and the aggregate costs across society of decarbonisation.
• Local Authority planning and ownership could be considered further as key components to securing greater local control and accountability, and achieving Welsh Government objectives. Our research indicates that further developing specific roles, powers, resources and responsibilities of local institutional actors in energy planning and ownership, especially Local Authorities would also add value to Welsh society and economy.

• Annual energy use per person in UK (2010)
• 45GW each of PV and Wind
• Heating is very variable
• Complex socio-technical system
• Hierarchy of Appliance Operation
• Power usage

This technical workshop was convened to stimulate ideas for making energy research and innovation more effective and to encourage closer working relationships.

Existing cooperation to advance clean coal technologies and carbon capture and sequestration (e.g. Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum), hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, (e.g. International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy), renewable energy and energy efficiency (e.g. REEEP, REN 21, MEDREP) and nuclear energy (e.g. GEN IV Global International Forum and International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) is established and operational. The existing partnerships include some key developing countries and complement the broad spectrum of energy technologies being progressed by the International Energy Agency (IEA).

The workshop participants from G8 countries recognised the pressing need to meet growing global energy demand whilst addressing the challenges of energy security, air pollution and climate change. Developing country participants highlighted the importance of poverty alleviation, economic development and the need for solutions amenable to their needs.

The participants found the workshop valuable, particularly with respect to the sharing of information. However, given the appetite for information exchange and the time limitations, participants were not able to produce specific action oriented proposals.

The workshop participants made the following observations and recommendations with respect to energy research and innovation, to be put forward for consideration by the Governments of the participating countries.

• Innovation opportunities exist in fuel cell system designs and production methods
• Innovations are also being pursued in hydrogen storage to enable use in large, long-range vehicles
• Opportunities to reduce fuel consumption by up to 35% through improved vehicle design (unrelated to engine) have been explored for trucks in the US
• Further design and demonstration work should be carried out on zero emission trucks, particularly on larger, long-range configurations