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This knowledge building project aims to outline a number of price scenarios for the retail price of electricity across a number of different energy vectors in 2030. This project, delivered by Baringa, builds on their existing time series of hourly supplier electricity costs for 2030. They delivered an hourly electricity price series for 2030 based on traceable assumptions for three different 2030 supply-demand scenarios. The key objectives were:

• To investigate the costs that domestic electricity suppliers in Great Britain might face in 2030.
• To make projections on the assumption that, unless formally announced, no changes are made to the electricity market arrangements in place today
• To focus in particular on the hourly variation and seasonal shape of supplier costs

The methodology underpinning this study, and the study results are detailed in a slide deck accompanying this report. This report focuses on the interpretation of those results, and is intended to be read in conjunction with that slide deck.

This knowledge building project aims to outline a number of price scenarios for the retail price of electricity across a number of different energy vectors in 2030. This project, delivered by Baringa, builds on their existing time series of hourly supplier electricity costs for 2030. They delivered an hourly electricity price series for 2030 based on traceable assumptions for three different 2030 supply-demand scenarios. The key objectives were:

• To investigate the costs that domestic electricity suppliers in Great Britain might face in 2030.
• To make projections on the assumption that, unless formally announced, no changes are made to the electricity market arrangements in place today
• To focus in particular on the hourly variation and seasonal shape of supplier costs

This deliverable is a slide pack which explains the assumptions used and methodology panned for this work. There is an accompanying spreadsheet of key input data

• This study investigates the costs that domestic electricity suppliers in Great Britain might face in 2030
• Projections are made based on the assumption that, unless formally announced, no changes are made to today’s electricity market arrangements
• Particular focus is given to the hourly variation and seasonal shape of costs faced by suppliers
• Hourly retail cost stacks in 2030 are modelled for the average domestic electricity consumer in the East Midlands

Modelling was carried out under three scenarios:

1. National Grid Two Degrees (NG 2 Degrees): A relatively high demand scenario, with relatively high renewables, nuclear and imports, but reduced levels of CCGT
2. ETI Long-Term Role of Gas (ETI LT ROG): The highest-demand scenario modelled, with high levels of renewables, CCGT and storage, but reduced nuclear capacity
3. ETI Consumers, Vehicles and Energy Integration (ETI EVEI): With demand the lowest of the three, this scenario has the highest levels of nuclear, but the lowest levels of renewables and storage

These scenarios were drawn from public sources, and were chosen to represent a range of carbon intensities and levels of renewable generation, as well as different levels of electrification (e.g. of transport) and flexible demand The modelling outputs are intended to illustrate:

1. Trends in supplier costs that might occur between 2017 and 2030 if market arrangements remain unchanged
2. Differences between scenarios that can be seen, reflecting different technology and market assumptions
3. Issues that could result if arrangements remain unchanged over horizon to 2030

This Technical Report is one of the deliverables associated with this stage of the project. Associated deliverables are:

• A word document providing interpretation of the findings in this slide deck
• A high level viewpoint for senior stakeholders summarising the work, results and insights
• An Excel workbook containing the key inputs and a
  full set of hourly outputs by scenario

This knowledge building project aims to outline a number of price scenarios for the retail price of electricity across a number of different energy vectors in 2030. This project, delivered by Baringa, builds on their existing time series of hourly supplier electricity costs for 2030. They delivered an hourly electricity price series for 2030 based on traceable assumptions for three different 2030 supply-demand scenarios. The key objectives were:

• To investigate the costs that domestic electricity suppliers in Great Britain might face in 2030.
• To make projections on the assumption that, unless formally announced, no changes are made to the electricity market arrangements in place today
• To focus in particular on the hourly variation and seasonal shape of supplier costs

This deliverable is a slide pack which explains the outputs from modelling of three scenarios. There is an accompanying spreadsheet of key input data.

The 2050 Energy Infrastructure Outlook project provides data on the costs associated with key types of fixed energy infrastructure as well as identifying possible ‘grey areas’ where technology development could significantly influence cost and performance. The project gathered data on different types of infrastructure associated with electricity, gas, hydrogen and heat. It also looked at infrastructure types: transmission, distribution, storage, conversion and connections. The data itself looked at costs relating to capital, fixed/variable operating and maintenance, abandonment (‘infrastructure decommissioning’) and repurposing (‘altering existing infrastructure’).

This is the final report summarising the approach to the project, development of the data tool and the findings from evaluating technology development opportunities in the networks. In the report, sections 2 & 3 cover the scope and approach to the project including the test cases that were agreed in the earlier workshops. Section 4 describes the spatial analysis used to determine how the different vectors are affected by geography including a reference to the maps generated for the test projects in the tool. Sections 5 & 6 are concerned with the analysis undertaken by the project team and workshop groups in looking at near and longer term potential implications for network development. Sections 7 & 8 describe the database itself (the user manual will go into more detail on how to use the tool) and finally Sections 9 & 10 describe opportunities for future technology development and developments of the tool outside of the current scope, identified by the project team and the workshop group.

In order to ensure the project reflected the widest possible set of outcomes, a number of test cases of possible energy trajectories out to 2050 were developed with the ETI Steering Group through a workshop and with input from the project team. Key influencing factors taken into consideration were decisions over centralised v decentralised systems, particularly in relation to generation; decisions over ‘pipes v wires’, particularly in relation to hydrogen; and the extent to which space heating is electrified. The test cases were

• High Electricity: a world in which electricity becomes the dominant energy vector requiring upgrading of related electricity infrastructure. This test case assumes a predominantly centralised approach to generation and transmission.
• High Heat: a world in which there is considerable progress in rolling out heat networks in urban centres, with the mix of energy vectors otherwise being similar to today. The test case suggests a more decentralised infrastructure with more localised forms of generation.
• High Hydrogen: a world in which a transmission and distribution network for hydrogen is developed.

These test cases were used to ensure the cost model scope included elements that may not necessarily be commonplace today but could be in future (eg. some of the HVDC infrastructure elements, and hydrogen transmission). They also helped to frame the analysis of potential research opportunities undertaken progressively throughout the project. The structuring and development of the Infrastructure Cost Model was undertaken iteratively throughout the study period.

Complimentary to this work, research opportunities for each vector were explored to identify priority areas for each vector. For all vectors, storage is an area in which there are anumber of research opportunities, particularly at transmission level. Possibilities include flywheels and cryogenic liquid air storage for electricity, or geologic interseasonal storage for heat.

This project aims to improve the understanding of the opportunity for and implications of moving to more integrated multi vector energy networks in the future. Future energy systems could use infrastructure very differently to how they are employed today. Several individual energy vectors - electricity, gas and hydrogen - are capable of delivering multiple services and there are other services that can be met or delivered by more than one vector or network

This Deliverable is the report summarising the work completed in Work Package 5 and provides the following:

1. A summary of economic modelling findings
2. Identification of key technical, commercial and regulatory barriers across Case Studies
3. Classification of the barriers identified, based on:
   • Impact – the scale of potential system benefit of multi vector operation
   • Risk – the extent to which these barriers are surmountable
4. Discusses the innovations that might mitigate these barriers, comprising the necessary technical capabilities, and the required regulatory and commercial frameworks.
5. Assesses the additional work for multi vector operation to achieve commercialisation at scale, comprising:
   • Investment
   • Timescales and necessary uptake rates
   • Skills gaps, required operational transformation and strategic considerations

This project aims to improve the understanding of the opportunity for and implications of moving to more integrated multi vector energy networks in the future. Future energy systems could use infrastructure very differently to how they are employed today. Several individual energy vectors - electricity, gas and hydrogen - are capable of delivering multiple services and there are other services that can be met or delivered by more than one vector or network

This study considers how greater integration between energy vectors, principally electricity, gas, heat networks and hydrogen, could lead to a more flexible and resilient energy system in the future that isable to deliver carbon reduction objectives in a more cost-effective manner. Using a Case Study approach and considering a range of over-arching energy system evolutionary pathways, the study aims to identify circumstances where a multi vector approach to energy system development and operation will lead to a better outcome than evolution of today’s largely independently operated energy networks. The study provides insights into identification of the system conditions and geographies that create opportunities for multi vector systems and the timescales over which these systems are relevant. These early insights will help to plan investment in key infrastructure that will be in place for the long term.

This report presents the analysis of each of the Case Studies:-

• Case 1: Retention of the gas network to meet peak heating loads in a future where heat decarbonisation is achieved by high electrification
• Case 2: Gas-fired Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and electric heat pumps supplying heat networks
• Case 3: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles switching between electric and liquid fuel running modes at times of tight electricity supply margins
• Case 4: Renewable Energy Sources (RES) electricity generation to gas (hydrogen or methane) for injection into the gas system
• Case 5: Grid electrolysis to produce hydrogen for a hydrogen distribution system
• Case 6: Renewable Electricity Connection Constraint Mitigated by Domestic Thermal Demand
• Case 7: EfW Flexing Between Producing Electricity and Gas for Grid Injection

In each case, detailed simulation of the proposed multi vector and counterfactual single vector energy system configurations has been undertaken. The technical simulations inform an analysis of the resource costs associated with the multi vector solution compared to the single vector counterfactual, in order to identify cases where the multi vector solution delivers a benefit. Alongside the analysis of economic benefits, the key engineering and operational challenges associated with the multi vector configuration are introduced. The work on engineering challenges and barriers, and a consideration of potential opportunities for innovation to overcome these barriers will continue in Work Package 5 of the study.

The project aims to improve the understanding of the opportunity for and implications of moving to more integrated multi vector energy networks in the future. Future energy systems could use infrastructure very differently to how they are employed today. Several individual energy vectors - electricity, gas and hydrogen - are capable of delivering multiple services and there are other services that can be met or delivered by more than one vector or network.

This document is submitted as Deliverable 2.1 under the ETI’s Multi-vector Integration Project

The material is adapted from the presentation provided to the project steering group at the WP2 Case Study definitions workshop held in London on August 2nd 2016

The main objectives of this workshop were to:

• For each case, agree the system configurations of multi-vector (MV) and single-vector (SV) instances
• Discuss the degrees of freedom available in each case that can be used to optimise the MV and SV configurations
• Agree the expected outputs from the modelling that will be used to calculate the multi-vector case benefit
• Discuss the inputs required for each case and for the “global scenarios” and the data sources tobe used
• Agree the exogenous parameters of interest for each MV solution model

The shortlist was: -

1. Domestic scale heat pumps and peak gas boilers.
2. Gas CHP and Heat Pumps supplying district heating and individual building heating loads.
3. PHEV switching fuel demand from electricity to petrol or diesel.
4. RES to H₂/RES to CH₄
5. RES to DH and Distributed Smart Heating (“virtual” DH networks)
6. Anaerobic Digestion/Gasification to CHP or grid injection

The project aims to improve the understanding of the opportunity for and implications of moving to more integrated multi vector energy networks in the future. Future energy systems could use infrastructure very differently to how they are employed today. Several individual energy vectors - electricity, gas and hydrogen - are capable of delivering multiple services and there are other services that can be met or delivered by more than one vector or network.

The report provides an initial assessment of potential interactions across energy vectors.This document is submitted as Deliverable 1.1 under the ETI’s “Multi-vector Integration Project”. The material is adapted from the presentation provided to the project steering group at the ‘Alignment Workshop’ held in London on June 24th 2016. The long-list of multi-vector interactions and the proposed filtering for further analysis in Work Package 2 were validated by the steering group during a follow up teleconference on July 4th2016, and this document reflects this validated set of interactions.

The presentation/report covers

• Description of the methodology used to map and classify multi-vector interactions
• An initial assessment of each case, describing the system, the issues addressed, the current situation and the likely ‘materiality’ for the UK energy system
• The process used to filter and prioritise the cases, and the agreed shortlist
• A recap of the subsequent work to be undertaken in Work Packages 2 and 3

Vectors considered were

• electricity,
• gas,
• hydrogen,
• district heating,
• liquid fuels

Services considered were

• peak avoidance,
• flexibility using multiple vectorsto supply the same load,
• overcoming a generation capacity constraint,
• avoiding curtailment of a generation asset, and
• backing up an energy source

It is proposed that the following scenarios are taken forward for detailed analysis

1. Domestic scale heat pumps and peak gas boilers.
2. Gas CHP and Heat Pumps to supply district heating and individual building heating loads
   1. CHP and heat pumps operating to supply heat to district heating
   2. CHP supplying district heating, with co-generated electricity used to power individual dwelling heat pumps
3. PHEV switching fuel demand from electricity to petrol or diesel.
4. RES to H₂/RES to CH₄
5. RES to DH and “virtual” DH networks
6. Anaerobic Digestion/Gasification to CHP or grid injection

This report reviews the current state of understanding in key areas relevant to the feasibility of global integrated assessment of transboundary air pollution. It focuses primarily on scientific issues and data availability, with policy and institutional implications being addressed more fully in a separate review. This document is essentially a background paper and discussion document reflecting the considerations reviewed in the first half of a year-long study funded by the UK Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions.
This report aims to:

• Provide background on progress in the application of integrated assessment, and other analogous techniques, to transboundary air pollution processes.
• Provide a basis for identifying and assessing, in the next stage of the project, the key issues which would arise from moving from the regional level to hemispherical or global levels.
• Identify current uncertainties and constraints which might be relevant to wider applications as well as any new ones which might be expected to arise.

The report is in three sections:

1. A short overview of where integrated assessment has now reached.
2. A fuller review of the state of play in the various inputs to assessment models.
3. A review of current uncertainties, although at this stage in no order of scale or importance.

The report is complemented by a separate paper which provides background assessments of environmental issues and data at regional level; a preliminary review of the prospects for developing global databases, and a separate bibliography.

This paper is titled is 'Review of Atmospheric Trends and Issues at Continental and Regional Level' and is an annex to the report titled 'A Review of Technical Issues and Capabilities In the Application of Integrated Assessment At Regional and Global Levels'.
Differences between regions in atmospheric trends and issues will inevitably be very important for the feasibility of global integrated assessment, and even more for the sort of political structures that will be relevant for tackling transboundary pollution at regional and global level. This paper therefore summarises relevant air pollution trends at continental and regional level, largely on the basis of UNEP’s Global Environmental Outlook (GEO) project, across 8 areas:

1. Africa
2. Asia and the Pacific
3. Europe and Central Asia
4. Latin America and the Caribbean
5. North America
6. West Asia
7. The Polar Regions
8. The Arctic

This document is a project report for the project titled 'A review of smart electricity meters.'

According to Government statistics, 27% of UK energy is consumed in meeting demand in dwellings and 19% in non-domestic buildings, with offices/university buildings contributing a significant proportion. A recent innovation, which can be used by consumers to monitor how much energy they are using and where in the property the energy is being used (specific appliances, lights etc), is the ‘smart’ or Smart Occupant Feedback (SOF) meter. These were highlighted as potentially useful means of providing this information to building occupants. It is hoped that by providing consumers with an accurate picture of how much energy they are using SOF meters will result in a reduction in the amount of energy we use. There are also some Smart Occupant Feedback Disaggregation (SOFD) meters on the market which allow users to see how much energy each appliance has consumed. This would make it easier for users to save energy because they will know exactly where the largest savings are to be made. However very little data exists on the accuracy of these meters and current reports suggest that some meters can monitor simple loads such as a domestic lighting quite accurately but a number of items of equipment less well.

The aim of this project was to review existing academic and non academic literature on Smart Occupant Feedback (SOF) and Smart Occupant Feedback Disaggregation (SOFD) meters, to test the meters both in a lab and in university buildings/houses then assess their performance and examine what further work can be done to improve the meters.

This document details the objectives, cost, duration, and summary of the research carried out by the Department of Trade and Industry into NOx reduction using overfire air staging. This work extends previous high temperature wire mesh (HTWM) studies at ICSTM, including two previous DTI projects, examining the relationship between NOx from aerodynamically air staged low NOx burners, principally Mitsui Babcock MkIII, and char nitrogen. With aerodynamic air staging alone, however, higher apparent char N conversions and additional NOx contributions from thermal and possibly other sources were observed and data from a number of different plants had to be used to cover a similar range of coals. The work proposed provides a basis for the application of a new standard test that is pertinent to pulverised coal combustion, and addresses the research and development priority areas identified by the Foresight Task Force including the impact of coal quality on turndown, burnout and NOx formation and the acquisition of data on and modelling of combustion performance of coals.

Meeting the challenge of delivering safe, secure and affordable energy combined with substantial reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases will require significant innovation in new, low carbon technologies over the coming decades. Innovation will be required in the way our energy is generated and delivered and the way in which it is used in our homes, transport systems, industries and places of work.

Key Headlines:

• The UK needs innovation to meet its carbon targets and for this process to beeffective and rapid – with several critical components:market confidence, finance,public policy and thecapability to innovate
• Collaboration and shared understanding is required – involving interactions across science, business and government to facilitate knowledge transfer and learning – it is easier to achieve a transition with a shared understanding of the drivers of new low carbon energy technologies
• The slower the pace of energy innovation, the less time the UK will have to transition to a low carbon economy and the more expensive it will be to do so
• Successful innovation systems often involve open and iterative processes, which are complex. They depend on multiple interactions between different actors
• Policy interventions are required to drive innovation in energy and low carbon – business needs certainty so policy stability matters
• Industry and government should work together to set strategic priorities – low carbon markets are almost entirely driven by public policy but delivered by private sector firms
• Successful innovation in low carbon energy requires new technology capabilities, new markets, new business models together with appropriate changes to the regulatory framework

This document is a report for the project titled 'Advanced Modelling and Testing – Thick Sectioned Welded Alloy HCM2S (P23)'.

The principal aim of the project was to use advanced modelling and testing to extend the size range for which the HCM2S (P23) steel can be fabricated both with and without PWHT. The specific objectives were:

• To optimise the fabrication of thick section HCM2S utilising practical and efficient welding processes (MMA, FCAW).
• To thoroughly investigate the welding of HCM2S without PWHT.
• To model the weld and cross weld mechanical properties of HCM2S both with and without PWHT in order to define cross weld properties.
• To demonstrate acceptable weldment mechanical properties.
• Consequently to produce fabrication guidelines for thick section HCM2S both with and without PWHT.

This report is divided into the following sections:

1. Background
2. Welding & Weld procedure qualification
3. Neural network analysis
4. Service Aged Material
5. Stress Rupture Testing
6. Residual Stress Modelling
7. General Discussion & Conclusions

ETI’s Project Manager Paul Winstanley presents “Advanced waste gasification, future strategies and potential outputs” at the Energy from Waste summit 2017

This document is a report for STFC for the project titled 'Ammonia on-farm Life cycle assessment of different ammonia uses on a farm'.

Using life cycle assessment, this study compared three uses of ammonia produced via a Haber-Bosch facility on a remote farm in Scotland. The three ammonia uses compared in this study are:

Aqueous ammonia fertiliser

Ammonia vehicle fuel

Ammonia CHP

These uses were compared with traditional alternatives:

Urea fertiliser

Diesel tractor

Natural gas CHP

The study found that aqueous ammonia fertiliser provided the largest environmental benefit out of the three ammonia uses. While ammonia vehicle fuel and ammonia CHP were found to provide environmental benefits across most indicators, in some areas the traditional alternative was preferred. This was not the case for ammonia fertiliser.

This report is divided into the following sections:

1. Introduction
2. Goal
3. LCA Specification
4. The LCA Model
5. Analysis of Results
6. Conclusion
7. Appendices

This is the report that accompanies the “Brine Production Cost Benefit Analysis” tool. This report covers the cost benefit analysis of the brine aquifer management for CO₂ storage, and analyses any benefits of producing brine to manage pressure in aquifers used to store CO₂. The CBA tool kit report provides a brief description on background details of the excel model that has been produced. It contains a user manual for the tool in Appendix 8. It provides simple cost metrics for the storage of CO₂ from CO₂Stored and demonstrated how these costs can be affected by the extraction of brine to manage the store.

Key findings:

• Value of brine production: Lifetime T&S unit costs tend to increase with brine production for a given injection scenario (although some minor savings are observed for some of the units examined); however, more importantly, more injection scenarios with higher storage capacities become feasible with brine production.
• Cost effectiveness of brine production: Brine production allows significant increase in storage capacity at similar unit costs. In addition to achieving more CO₂ storage capacity with reasonable costs, a lower unit T&S cost is achieved with brine production at Firth of Forth and Tay.
• Optimal development/configuration plans: As CAPEX of clean water discharge infrastructure on platform is negligible, sub-sea brine production does not lead to significant savings in water treatment CAPEX. However, significant savings can be achieved in injection facility CAPEX (if high costs of installing platforms can be avoided with subsea brine production – e.g. if subsea facilities connected to a hub is the most cost-effective configuration for an injection scenario).

Next steps:

• Value and cost of brine production: Examination of potential impact of brine production on gas fields
• Optimal development/configuration plans: Examination of further brine production scenarios that will be provided by HWU (e.g. more optimised injection/brine production scenarios if necessary) and examining different infrastructure configurations with brine production (e.g. using a central water treatment facility, which can be connected to subsea facilities or oversea platforms via brine distribution pipelines
• Informing CO₂Stored database: Reviewing learnings from the initial analysis to consider how we could model other storage units in the CO₂Stored database

This £200,000 nine-month long project, studied the impact of removing brine from undersea stores that could, in future, be used to store captured carbon dioxide. It was carried out by Heriot-Watt University, a founder member of the Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS) research partnership, and Element Energy. T2 Petroleum Technology and Durham University also participated in the project. It built on earlier CCS research work and helped develop understanding of potential CO₂ stores, such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs or saline aquifers, located beneath UK waters. It also helped to build confidence among future operators and investors for their operation. Reducing costs and minimising risks is crucial if CCS is to play a long-term role in decarbonising the UK’s future energy system

This project aims to assess the potential for brine production through dedicated wells in target CO₂ storage formations to increase CO₂ storage capacity and reduce the overall cost of storage - as well as any other potential benefits for CO₂ store operators associated with brine production

This report presents findings from the entire project, and references other project reports where appropriate.

This £200,000 nine-month long project, studied the impact of removing brine from undersea stores that could, in future, be used to store captured carbon dioxide. It was carried out by Heriot-Watt University, a founder member of the Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS) research partnership, and Element Energy. T2 Petroleum Technology and Durham University also participated in the project. It built on earlier CCS research work and helped develop understanding of potential CO₂ stores, such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs or saline aquifers, located beneath UK waters. It also helped to build confidence among future operators and investors for their operation. Reducing costs and minimising risks is crucial if CCS is to play a long-term role in decarbonising the UK’s future energy system.

This report aims to address whether or not there is potential to significantly increase CO₂ storage capacity, and thereby reduce overall cost of storage, by producing brine through dedicated production wells from target storage formations. Brine production is proposed as a method to manage pressure in storage sites, as a corollary to water injection during hydrocarbon extraction. In the case of CO₂ storage, the production of water creates voidage to increase storage capacity and reduce the extent of pressure increase due to CO₂ injection, and hence reduce the risk of caprock failure, fault reactivation and induced seismicity; additionally, it reduces the energy available to drive fluids through legacy well paths and other potential seep features. Spatially the reduction in the extent of the pressure plume reduces the affected area which can reduce the area of potential drilling interference, the number of impacted legacy wells, and the area of investigation for monitoring where brine movement is a concern. In this report five systems are considered: the Forties Aquifer, the Bunter Aquifer, the depleted Hamilton gas field, a producing North Sea oil field, and a synthetic tilted aquifer. The well counts, the period and the rate of brine production are data that are supplied for economic analysis to determine whether or not the process is a viable means of increasing storage capacity and reducing overall costs

This document is a report on the study conducted by the Joule Centre titled 'Aviation in the North West: Emissions, Economics and Organisational Flying'.

The international community recognises climate change as one of the greatest threats facing the social, environmental and economic well-being of human-kind. At a national level, the UK has demonstrated a clear international lead in responding to climate change by putting the need for and delivery of greenhouse gas emissions reductions on a statutory footing through the Climate Change Act 2008. This act introduced legally binding targets to achieve emission reductions in both the short and longer term. Furthermore, and unlike previous UK emission reduction policies, the Climate Change Act includes international aviation emissions explicitly in its 80% 2050 target and implicitly within the current budgets.

For the UK as a whole, then, there is a clear need to balance the cost and overall economic impact of delivering additional reductions in greenhouse gas emissions for these 'other' sectors versus the costs and economic impact of curbing growth in emissions from aviation.

The Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, funded by the Joule Centre for Energy Research, has analysed the emissions, economics and policy implications of the region's aviation industry. The objectives of the Tyndall Centre study are:

To produce an approach for disaggregating the UK's aviation emissions to a regional scale

To develop a set of low carbon pathways for the North West region that include aviation

To review existing assessments of aviation's economic contribution and to estimate the specific contribution to the North West

To analyse the practises behind flying with specific reference to the North West

To use the results of the analyses to provide advice to the region as to how it can support socio-economic and environmental development in the region

This report is divided into the following sections:

1. Introduction
2. Aviation and the North West
3. Estimating Regional Aviation Emissions
4. Developing Low Carbon Pathways for the North West
5. Economic impact of constraining aviation emissions growth
6. Organisational consumption: Understanding Flying for Work
7. Conclusions and Recommendations

This document is a summary for the project titled 'Band Structural Engineering of TiO2 for Efficient Solar Cells'.

This project is aimed at increasing the energy conversion efficiency of Titanium Dioxide which can be applied to cheaper materials, such as glass, plastics etc, using deposition to create solar cells. Currently the material can only convert 5% of the suns energy into electrical energy, the amount of the solar spectrum photovoltaic cells can absorb is called its band gap and TiO2 can only absorb ultraviolet irradiance. This project explored the possibility of using the process of doping to narrow TiO2's band gap thereby increasing the amount of the suns energy it can absorb to up to 50%. Doping is the process of is the process of introducing impurities into an extremely pure semiconductor (in this case TiO2) to change its electrical properties. The effectiveness of using such a technique for narrowing Titanium Dioxide's band gap was explored both through theoretical modeling and computer simulations. This doped TiO2 material was then fabricated in a laboratory as part of the project

This project has led to two applications for patents and a spin off company. Prof. Shao has also received a further £933,050 funding from the Technology Strategy Board to continue his research into low cost, highly efficient photovoltaic solar cells. As a result of the possible applications of the research two companies involved in the project, Kleentec International Plc and Crowberry Energy, are working on a related project with funding (£10,000) from Metric.

The Sustainable & Secure Buildings Act 2004 extends the purposes of the Building Act 1984 so as to improve the sustainability of the building stock in England & Wales in respect of energy efficiency, preventing waste, furthering the protection of the environment, facilitating sustainable development and furthering the prevention and detection of crime. Section 6 of the Act requires DCLG to submit a biennial report to Parliament on the effects (or likely effects) of measures that are planned under the SSBA as well as those which have already been introduced in the two-year reporting period. Specifically, Section 6(2)(e) requires the report to cover:
"Overall changes during the period in:

1. The efficiency with which energy is used in buildings in England and Wales
2. Levels of emissions from such buildings that are emissions considered by the Secretary of State to contribute to climate change
3. The extent to which such buildings have their own facilities for generating energy
4. The extent to which materials used in constructing, or carrying out works in relation to, such buildings are recycled or re-used materials."

A further related reporting requirement is contained in Section 6(3) of the Act. Specifically this is "A report under this section must contain an estimate, as at the end of the period, of the number of dwellings in England and Wales".

The focus of this report is the requirements under Section 6(2)(e) and 6(3) - the reporting requirements under Section 6(2)(a) to (d) are addressed in a companion report1. As a first step, a set of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) were proposed to provide initial benchmarks for the building stock in England & Wales in respect of items (i) to (iv) which can then be used to measure changes in performance during each two-year reporting period. The first reporting period covers November 2004 to November 2006.

The report covers a technology review of the potential for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries in both stationary and portable energy storage applications and e-mobility use-cases, covering potential market opportunities such as battery rental and swapping, and use of second life batteries. It considers the safety and durability of technologies in the context of environmental and climate-related challenges in target regions as well as for potential use in provision of energy in emergency response situations.

To assess and improve the production from European biogas plants a specific targeted research or innovation project (Project no. 513949) entitled 'European Biogas Initiative to improve the yield of agricultural biogas plants' involved collating data from 13 biogas plants across Europe. Data was collected by four means; the use of periodic data from the biogas plant, weak-point analysis from each of the biogas plant operators; a questionnaire and a schematic of each plant. The information revealed that although the biogas plants were performing relatively well, with an average specific biogas yield 0.44 m3.methane.kg-1 VS and an average methane productivity of 1.25 m3.m3, there was considerable capacity to improve the performance of each of the biogas plants by a range of different means.

Economic comparison of these biogas plants across Europe was difficult. However, about 90% of the revenue was realised from electricity sold. The average specific capital expenditure for the 13 biogas plants was about 4,400 € per installed electric capacity (kW) or at 5% discount rate and 15 years economic life, 5.3 €-Cent per kWh of electricity. The average costs of feedstock was 5.6 €-Cent per kWh electricity produced. Also the average cost was 67 €-Cent per Nm³ of methane produced. The average total costs were 19.5 €-Cent per kWh electricity produced which was slightly above the price paid in most of the countries involved.

Development of improved means of both introducing and treating the feedstock was important for improved biogas yields. The hydrolysis of crops and crop residues could significantly reduce the HRT of some digesters to below 100 days. The type and mixture of feedstock also influenced the biogas yield and optimisation of the inputs would be of benefit. However each feedstock may ferment at different rate and/or require different conditions so process control could produce more biogas. High levels of manure required up to 4 times as much volume as other feedstocks to produce the same amount of biogas. There was up to 3 times the methane output per kg VS from different biogas plants. Some biogas plants had a variability (on standard deviation) of the specific methane yield as low as 7% others could be considered unstable with values over 100% of their mean values. Feedstocks were considered responsible for this variability, however such a range suggests that process monitoring and control would provide more stable biogas production and improved biogas yields. Monitoring fermentation parameters was limited to pH and volume of the various vessels for all biogas plants. Sensors did include means of measuring VFAs (36% of the total) and conductivity (18%) and redox potential (9%) for the 13 biogas plants. The outcome of this study will be used to identify demonstration projects at different biogas plants and research facilities.

To understand more about how farmers have integrated 2G energy crops into their wider farm business, the ETI commissioned ADAS to carry out three case studies of successful transitions to 2G energy crops, examining the financial impact of the crop and understanding how farmers have optimised the way they use their land to minimise any impact on food production. This document provides the evidence behind each case study and details how the financial costs and benefits and food production changes were calculated. .

• All three case studies demonstrate that planting energy crops can increase the profitability of the land over a 23-year lifetime. Initial investment costs are expected to be paid back within the first six to seven years.
• When optimising the use of land across the farm, impacts on food production can be minimised or avoided. in two case studies, food impacts were minimised by using land which delivered poor arable yields, and by minimising the reduction in sheep numbers through higher stocking densities (the number of sheep per hectare). in the third case study, the crop was planted on unused land so no food production was displaced.
• Land which is less suitable for food production or grazing can be suited to energy crops as they can be successfully planted on poorer quality soils, and land which is more prone to waterlogging or weed problems. They are also suited to less accessible fields as they require less intensive management than arable crops.
• The farmers in these case studies chose to grow energy crops for a variety of reasons - making better use of difficult or underutilised land, diversifying income and reducing workload. In addition, all farmers cited the importance of obtaining secure fixed-term contracts with buyers in their decision making. This reinforces findings from previous ETI work on enabling UK biomass.
• Discussions with land agents suggest that land used to grow biomass crops should not be valued differently to other agricultural land, as land should be valued on its productive capacity. however, the specific price offered by a buyer will be affected by their objectives in buying the land and their understanding of bioenergy crops. The presence of a profitable contract for the crop and a willingness from the buyer to continue with bioenergy cropping may have a beneficial impact on the land value. If the buyer wishes to change the land use, is uncertain how to manage a bioenergy crop, or if there are limited market outlets for the crop, the land value may be lower than if it weren’t planted with a bioenergy crop.
• Qualitative evidence from the Miscanthus farmers indicate an increase in wildlife, particularly birds, since growing the crop. In the Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) Willow case study, the farm carried out an environmental impact assessment (EIA) before planting.

This document is a report for the project titled 'Biomass Fuelled Indirect Fired Micro Turbine'.

The aim of this project was to further develop micro turbine indirect firing and to develop this into a biomass generator, building on the success of the previous project. The system was redesigned and rebuilt using the experience gained and the recommendations reported in our last project. The efficiency, maintenance and safety of the system was improved through this development project.

The Specific aims were:

To achieve 4000hrs run time

To establish a start procedure

To develop safe and predictable operation without the need for supervision

To prove heat exchanger concept

To achieve full recuperated operation

To achieve high temperature combustion with low emissions

To establish costs and technical basis for future development

To provide a demonstration of working biomass renewable power generation

The main achievements of these projects are:

Start procedure established and well proven with over 100 successful starts

4680 hours turbine operation so far

Safe and predictable operation without supervision

Heat exchanger concept proven

Fully recuperated operation achieved

High temperature combustion achieved with ultra low emissions

The Biomass Generator has demonstrated that it is possible to produce 20-30kW of renewable electricity in a stable, reliable manner

Cost and technical basis for future development established

Demonstration of working biomass renewable power generation

The concept is now well proven the next logical step is to improve the system and build on our success.

This report is divided into the following sections:

1. Introduction
2. Re-evaluation and Design
3. Initial Testing
4. Long Term Testing
5. Results and Discussion
6. Conclusions
7. Recommendations
8. Acknowledgements

This project will describe existing biomass import / storage / distribution assets and, using findings from BVCM (ETI’s Bio Value Chain Model) and other references, will define and test alternative scenarios for different biomass demand levels.

This report details how the biomass logistics infrastructure network has developed in the UK to date and the current status of, and issues with, biomass distribution networks in the UK. The report should cover both imported and domestic biomass feedstocks. The report should highlight any future planned investments in biomass logistics infrastructure. The report should also consider lessons that can be learned from other relevant sectors such as coal and oil.

Up to now the sector has been subsidy-driven and while growth of the biomass market has been evident it is still only a small percentage (4%1) of the total energymarket despite significant support to date.

Key Findings:

• Despite new entrants, the supply chain is very fragamented.
• There are a number of planned network logistics investments which have the potential to benefit the sector.
• There are lessons that can be learned from established supply chains in other comparable industries
• Confidence in the sector is much needed to attract further investment in supporting infrastructure and supply chain synergies.
• Rail is vital to the UK’s economic prosperity. Rail links with ports and airports are essential to support the transportation of goods
• The extent to which rail transport and freight specifically will be a constraint to the biomass logistics supply chain is dependent upon a range of factors; primarily the Government’s energy policy on biomass, willingness of the Government to protect capacity and promote rail freight growth on the network, the extent to which biomass will replace coal and the cost efficiency of using imported fuel sources and rail haulage, as opposed to local fuel supplies and other transport modes

The review also finds that the biomass sector is not without challenges. These challenges include; a shortage of drivers who are willing to work in this sector (as well as more generally in road haulage), increasing barriers to entry driven by the emergence of larger and more dominant market players, schedule optimisation to reduce ‘empty miles’, the need for standard practices which ensure product quality and the clear reduction in Government support and incentives.

In an uncertain UK energy policy context, growth in biomass projects and the logistics supply chain will only occur if the biomass sector continues to receive an allocation of CFDs and/or market prices support project economics without need for subsidy. For growth to occur, it requires the two fundamental factors of revenue and fuel supply certainty to be addressed, together with meeting the opportunities and challenges associated with the future direction of UK energy policy

This deliverable provides the benefit case of accelerating - by means of a technology demonstrator - technologies identified as promising by analysis of the UK bioenergy system using the Biomass Value Chain Model (BVCM) toolkit. The benefit case is assessed based on two main criteria: value of technology acceleration and demonstrator benefits. Based on the analysis of a wide range of case studies using the BVCM toolkit, the benefit cases for biosynthetic natural gas (bioSNG), biohydrogen, pyrolysis fuels, and carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies for power generation are assessed in detail. BioSNG technology emerges as the highest in terms of value of technology acceleration, and potential benefit of a UK demonstration activity in bioSNG exists, although a series of demo plants are already planned for the near future abroad.

This deliverable provides a short description of all updates made to the BVCM toolkit in Phase 2. The Phase 2 updates to the BVCM toolkit can be broadly grouped into 4 types: improvement to the optimisation model, improvement in model settings, improvement in the technology representation, and improvement in the resources representation.

These updates constitute a significant improvement to the BVCM toolkit. In general, the updates:

• ensure a wider, more detailed representation of possible bioenergy pathways
• raise the overall data quality and level of confidence in the model
• improve the user interface
• increase the options for use cases and scenarios

Overall, the BVCM model delivered at the end of Phase 2 provides a very robust tool to identify promising resource - technology combinations to be considered for acceleration by theETI.

This deliverable presents the specifications of the “optimisation” model structure (indices, sets, parameters, variables and constraints) and the form of the data that is provided to the model.

This deliverable presents technology opportunities and bioenergy roadmapping, based on the case study analysis carried out with the Biomass Value Chain Model (BVCM). The model has been used to investigate a series of case studies, designed to explore different scenarios in relation to resources, technologies, end uses, infrastructures and objective functions. For each case study a series of runs has been executed to explore trends and analyse the sensitivity and the resilience of the results. Based on these results, acceleration opportunities were identified for technologies in line with the ETI focus on the Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) 3 to 6. Roadmaps for the whole bioenergy sector are provided based on the results from the case study analysis.

This deliverable describes the models used to generate the yield, cost and greenhouse gas emissions of the bioresources included in the scope of Biomass Value Chain Model project. For each bioresource, the description covers a review of models and data, and an explanation of the proposed modelling approaches.

Work Package 3 in the Biomass Value Chain Model (BVCM) project had two objectives: firstly, to carry out a landscape review of the technologies used to transform raw biomass feedstocks into useable final products; and secondly, to develop a technology database, which could be used as an input to the value chain optimisation model developed in Work Package 2. This technology landscaping report was also the starting point of the technology roadmap exercise carried out in Work Package 4 for those technologies identified as having significant deployment potential by the value chain optimisation.

This deliverable is intended as an accompanying document of the technology database (which is not publically available). However, in isolation the document provides useful information on the technology database structure, a user guide (e.g. for adding new technologies to the database), an explanation of the overall modelling approach, an outline of the database content, and a discussion on data quality and data gaps at the time the report was written.

TESBiC: Techno-Economic Study of Biomass to power with CCS. This report, the final deliverable from the project, contains both the Development and Deployment Opportunity Assessment and the Technology and Demonstration Benefits Assessment. The report covers all eight technologies selected for detailed investigation. Dedicated biomass chemical looping combustion and to a lesser extent cofired carbonate looping came out as two of the more attractive biomass CCS technology combinations for possible development and demonstration in the UK. This was due to their attractive prospects in terms of offering relatively high efficiency and low capex at a range of scales, the significant level of existing UK expertise (at least at the academic level), and most importantly, the potential for first mover advantage to make a significant impact in the IP space, given the size of the budget available toETI.

However, there are several technical hurdles to be overcome in the development and scale-up of the two looping technologies, and large uncertainties attached to the cost estimates considered in this study.

The TESBiC consortium recommends the following UK technology demonstration for consideration: A flexible pilot plant with dual inter-connected circulating fluidized bed (CFB) reactors, suitable for investigating, testing and demonstrating primarily chemical looping combustion, but that can also be used to test and demonstrate post-combustion carbonate looping capture, as well as oxy-fuel combustion of biomass

TESBiC: Techno-Economic Study of Biomass to power with CCS. This document outlines the Model Data Requirements Specification and the Model Template Release for the eight technologies modelled as part of the project. They were used in the development of the Bioenergy Value Chain Model (BVCM).

TESBiC: Techno-Economic Study of Biomass to power with CCS. This document (from Work Package 3) provide the specification and user guidance for the the first two, of eight, parameterised technology models that will be used by the Bioenergy Value Chain Modelling (BVCM) project. The two technologies covered in this report are Biodedicated IGCC and Co-fired IGCC both with physical absorption-based carbon capture.

TESBiC: Techno-Economic Study of Biomass to power with CCS. This report, the first deliverable from the project, is a landscape overview of current biomass based power generation and CCS technologies. It also reviews current global demonstration activities. The consortium has assessed the various combinations of biomass power with CCS technologies, before recommending a shortlist of eight technologies for further detailed study in the rest of the project. The report includes an explanation of the consortium’s high-level thoughts, structuring and prioritisation behind their recommendation to take 8 technologies forward.

TESBiC: Techno-Economic Study of Biomass to power with CCS. This report, the 2nd deliverable from the project, is a high level study of the engineering associated with implementing each of the 8 technologies identified in the Technology Landscape report (1st deliverable: WP1). It includes, for each technology, an overview evaluation of system performance. It provides a critical assessment of knowledge gaps, technical risks and subject areas that will require further development work. It also includes an overview of the total process for the combined technologies, preliminary process flow diagrams, high level process control philosophy, environmental performance summary, estimate of the project development and capital costs and an estimate of operating and maintenance costs

The Techno-economic Study of Biomass to Power with CCS (TESBIC) project, which has been commissioned by ETI, is concerned with the performance of an overview techno-economic assessment of the current and potential future approaches to the combination of technologies which involve the generation of electricity from biomass materials, and those which involve carbon dioxide capture.

The present document forms the deliverable within work package WP3, it covers the work on :

• D3.3: Parameterised sub-system models
• D3.4: Model requirements and specifications and modelling strategy
• D3.5: Model and sub-model user documentation

Following the first variation of Contract/Agreement with ETI, the aforementioned deliverables have been applied to the final three (T6,T7,T8) out of eight technology combinations.

• T6 denotes dedicated biomass oxy-firing combustion
• T7 Biomass combustion, with CO₂ capture by post-combustion carbonate looping
• T8 Dedicated biomass chemical-looping-combustion using a solid oxygen carrier

The overall model structure finalised for WP3 employs the “base+delta” modelling framework (see D3.1 and D3.2). This fits the requirements for the capture of information and transfer to ETI and compatibility with the Biomass Value Chain Modelling (BVCM) and ETI’s Energy System Modelling (ESME) projects. The models were developed based on the techno-economic sensitivity data obtained from WP2 and additional available data. The “base+delta” model is readily implementable in MS-ExcelTM.

This document also provides user documentation of the models and its sub-models developed as part of WP3. This document is intended to enable any potential user to use and understand the models and their application. Data standard validation, parameter estimation and improvement of model robustness were carried out using the Model Development Suite (MoDS). Overall, the models offer evaluation of key techno-economic variables such as CAPEX, OPEX, efficiencies, and emissions as a function of inputs such as co-firing, capacity factor, nameplate capacity and extent of carbon capture

TESBiC: Techno-Economic Study of Biomass to power with CCS. This document (from Work Package 3) provides the specification and user guidance for three, of eight, parameterised technology models that will be used by the Bioenergy Value Chain Modelling (BVCM) project. The three technologies covered in this report are biomass co-firing in a pulverised coal-fired power plant with post combustion amine scrubbing-based carbon capture, biomass combustion in a dedicated power plant with carbon capture by solvent scrubbing, and biomass co-firing in a large pulverised coal power plant with carbon capture by oxyfuel firing.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

• This deliverable is number 2 of 7 in Work Package 2.
• It presents the initial approach to the costing methodology for thermal efficiency improvements to be employed by the project and incorporated into the computer model being developed.
• Accurate cost information for retrofit interventions is key to ensuring the identification and development of the optimum solutions for each housing archetype previously identified in deliverable D2.1.
• Costs of two types are considered:
  • Unit costs
  • Other fixed costs
• Costs are input for:
  • Loft insulation
  • Cavity wall insulation
  • Hot water tank insulation
  • Floor insulation
  • Replacement windows

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

Work Package 2 concerns the impact of thermal efficiency measures on the UK housing stock.

This deliverable is number 2b of 7 in Work Package 2. It presents the initial approach to the costing methodology for thermal efficiency improvements to be employed by the project and incorporated into the computer model being developed. Accurate cost information for retrofit interventions is key to ensuring the identification and development of the optimum solutions for each housing archetype previously identified in deliverable D2.1. This costing detail will be incorporated into the definition of retrofit interventions in Work Package 3.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

Work Package 2 concerns the impact of thermal efficiency measures on the UK housing stock.

This deliverable is number 1b of 7 in Work Package 2 and presents the final results of a segmentation of the English housing stock, providing incremental detail to that contained within the earlier D2.1a deliverable. The UK housing stock has been split into 40 different archetypes based on the date of construction of the property and the dwelling configuration. Approximately 12 of these types represent almost 60% of the dwelling stock, and are described in the tabulations in detail. The breakdowns of characteristics within the document have been identified by the consortium partners as being of primary interest in assessing the cost and technical feasibility of refurbishment solutions. The parameters listed for the 40 property archetypes will be used as inputs into the UK housing stock model developed in later deliverables in this work package.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 6 of 7 in Work Package 2. It brings together findings from Work Packages 2 (Stock Modelling), 3 (Design Interventions) and 4 (Supply Chain) to provide a graphical representation of where the 5 key housing archetypes for mass retrofit are located. The geographical granularity of the mapping is down to local authority level. The housing types were prioritised based on impact on CO₂ emissions of retrofit and the propensity of occupants to adopt retrofit measures. The 5 housing archetypes are:

• Pre-1919 detached houses
• Pre-1919 mid-terraced houses
• Pre-1919 converted flats
• 1919-1944 semi detached houses
• 1945-1964 semi detached houses

By identifying where key house types are located within the country it is intended that the roll-out of mass retrofit could be targeted for maximum effect.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 4a of 7 in Work Package 3. It builds on prior work in deliverables 3.3a (Technical Solutions Matrix) and 3.3b (Whole House Solutions) and critically assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing these solutions across England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. This assessment takes into account the differences in housing stock and the differing constraints applicable in each country. The goal of the deliverable is to analyse the success of the solutions proposed and identify any gaps which need to be addressed when developing the single dwelling implementation plan, deliverable 3.4b.

The overall objective is to analyse the success of the solutions and identify any gaps which need to be addressed when formulating the single dwelling implementation plan. More detailed aims of the report include:

1. To cover a sufficient range of house types to gain a good picture of the issues involved with implementing a mass retrofit programme
2. To take the whole house solutions in WP3.3 and examine them with regards to buildability, cost, carbon effectiveness and customer acceptance
3. To test out whole house solutions proposals on the most frequently occurring house types across the UK, focusing on the variations in construction and housing typology in England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales

In order to cover the wide range of house types across the UK, three predominant house types from each country were considered. In order to test the solutions, we came up with simplified packages to test against these house types for each country.

The TE model developed for the ETI was used in conjunction with these chosen house types and the energy efficiency measures outlined in WP3.3. Measures were grouped into work packages A, B and C, according to the level of associated disruption, which can be implemented both within isolation and in conjunction with each other. These outputs have provided a strong idea of the associated costs, fuel and energy savings and reductions in CO₂ emissions. The diversity of construction typologies has resulted in different combinations of work packages in order to achieve the optimum balance of cost and CO₂ reductions.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

Work Package 1 is about Understanding thermal performance of the housing stock at an individual dwelling level.

This deliverable is number 4 of 6 in Work Package 1. It provides details of the testing procedures that have been carried out on the Beta version of the computer model developed across Work Packages 1 and 2. The aim of the model is to be able to characterise the thermal efficiency of residential properties at two levels:

1. The individual building level, and
2. The UK housing stock level.

The ultimate aim of this is to be able to identify the optimum thermal efficiency interventions which can be made at a building and stock level, and to quantify the impact on energy efficiency which these interventions will make. The testing described within this document describes the testing of the 'single dwelling' core of the computer model which has been carried out at a number of different levels of granularity.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This report provides a review & assessment of the various building modelling approaches used in the UK, France, Germany & USA. The objective being to provide a recommendation for the building modelling procedure to be used through the remainder of the OTEoEH project.

An initial investigation of existing energy models of dwelling performance identified 26 models in use the UK, France, Germany, USA and Canada which may be of interest to the project. The models have been assessed against the requirements of the project, which were identified through a User Requirements exercise carried out by BRE.

The assessment of models recommends that the energy modelling methodology consist of:

• A stock model that uses a simplified energy model as its calculation engine.
• A simplified model for individual dwelling calculations (the same model as used in the stock model).
• A detailed simulation model (or models) for individual dwelling modelling in situations where such a model is necessary.

The assessment concludes that BREDEM(2009) is the most suitable energy methodology for the stock and simplified models, with the choice of detailed simulation models determined by specific questions and queries as required. It is also recommended that, within the main model, alternatives to some empirically determined BREDEM algorithms are considered as appropriate

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 1 of 8 in Work Package 4. It presents the 'as is' status of the current UK retrofit supply chain, taking in the full supply chain from sales, survey and design through to installation and the logistics associated with building retrofit.

Whilst the primary focus of the deliverable is on the UK supply chain, a comparison with retrofit activities in France and Germany is included; this will allow additional lessons learnt overseas to be incorporated into the subsequent deliverables in Work Package 4 as they progressively refine the design of the optimum supply chain to deliver mass scale retrofit in the UK.

The Supply Chain Workshops have generated interest and valuable contributions from a core of potential supplier organisations and the challenge is to ensure this built upon, while avoiding the potential charge that the contribution organisations are an exclusive and un-representative group. Three of the challenges to seen as crucial to success at this point are:

• Develop a multi-skill site approach which enables seamless, cost-effective site work with minimal disruption to householders; instead of a series of trade based activities.
• Develop factory prepared kits, ready to fit, with short lead times; which speed up installation, minimise disruption and give assured quality performance.
• Generate supply solutions that treat retrofit as a System solution instead of a series of bolt on interventions. With product and service providers acting together there will be more potential to improve overall thermal performance, reduce cost and minimise householder disruption.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 4 of 5 in Work Package 5. The aim of work package 5 is to ensure that any mass scale retrofit mechanism designed by the consortium addresses the key needs of the end customer, the building occupant. This deliverable is the second of 2 customer engagement exercises and provides a summary of:

• 15 one to one interviews,
• 10 focus groups and
• A survey of 20,000 people (932 responses) carried out by the consortium.

This revealed that cost is the primary issues when people consider whether to adopt retrofit; an upper limit of £10k seems to exist above which potential customers will not be interested.

The work also allowed 4 consumer segments to be identified with whom a successful retrofit engagement is most likely; this information has been shared with the teams working on Work Packages 3 and 4 to allow suitable retrofit packages and associated delivery mechanisms to be developed.

A separate document is available containing appendices A to H of this document.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 4 of 5 in Work Package 5. The aim of work package 5 is to ensure that any mass scale retrofit mechanism designed by the consortium addresses the key needs of the end customer, the building occupant. This deliverable is the second of 2 customer engagement exercises and provides a summary of interviews, focus groups and a survey responses on retrofit, which revealed that cost is the primary consideration, with an upper limit of £10k.

This document contains the appendices to the main report:

• A: Detailed Survey Methodology
• B: Survey Questionnaire
• C: Postal Survey Covering Letter with Glossary
• D: Email covering letter
• E: Survey Responses
• F: Focus Group Structure
• G - Example Focus Group Screener
• H - Virtual Retrofit Interview Script
• References

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 1 of 5 in Work Package 5. The aim of work package 5 is to ensure that any mass scale retrofit mechanism designed by the consortium addresses the key needs of the end customer, the building occupant.

This deliverable is the first step in this process and is focused on gaining an understanding of what the customer base in the UK looks like. To this end it includes details of the householder types and the output of stakeholder interviews held to develop and understanding of their role, influence and experience of delivering retrofit. In addition a comparison of the findings for the UK with similar information for France and Germany is provided.

Key arising recommendations from the stakeholder surveys and European insight include:

• The need for a major programme of training and skills development;
• Legislation to help bring the private rental sector into retrofit;
• Consolidation of advice, funding and policy streams;
• Focus on developing a link between asset value and energy performance
• Roles for a project manager or single-point-of-contact liaison officer would help ensure retrofit packages meet customer expectations.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 2 of 5 in Work Package 5. Deliverable 5.2, Customer Value Methodology, builds on the work carried out in Deliverable 5.1, Defining the Customer, to develop a proposed segmentation hypothesis to shape the later deliverables in Work Package 5 as well as support deliverables across the OTEoEH project (such as supporting Work Package 4's development of value propositions for different customer segments).

This report discusses:

• The existing methodologies available
• The choice of the Experian Mosaic-Green system.
• The ten customer segments are discussed along with their geographic distribution
• A first draft of the metrics is shown
• Further development of the segmentation model is discussed
• Appendices:
  • A: Extract of Micro DE 1.3 Report
  • B: Key datasets

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 5 of 5 in Work Package 5. The aim of work package 5 is to ensure that any mass scale retrofit mechanism designed by the consortium addresses the key needs of the end customer, the building occupant. seeks to conclude Work Package 5 with a summary of the previous deliverables, drawing out key items of learning, highlighting areas that impact wider project aims or ideas and providing a critical evaluation of the work package as a whole. The report contains:

• A summary of the Work Package and its deliverables;
• A final summary of the customer segmentation with segment profiles;
• A detailed summary of potential early adopter segments;
• Synthesis conclusions and recommendations;
• Evaluation of the deliverable and suggestions for future work.

As well as the appendix contained in this document, "Segmentation References", there is a separate document available containing a further appendix, "Customer Survey Analysis"; an Executive Summary of the whole work package is also available as a separate document.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This is an appendix to deliverable is number 5 of 5 in Work Package 5, the Synthesis Report. The aim of work package 5 is to ensure that any mass scale retrofit mechanism designed by the consortium addresses the key needs of the end customer, the building occupant. seeks to conclude Work Package 5 with a summary of the previous deliverables, drawing out key items of learning, highlighting areas that impact wider project aims or ideas and providing a critical evaluation of the work package as a whole.

This appendix is "Customer Survey Analysis" and contains:

• Validation of House Type and Customer Type Combinations
• Profiles of early adopters terms
  
  • Older Established
  • Stretched Pensioners
  • Transitional Retirees
  • Early Entrepreneurs

Each customer segment above is discussed in terms of:

1. Demographic profile
2. Top house types
3. Attitudes to refits
4. Energy perceptions and behaviours

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 1 of 7 in Work Package 2 and presents the results of a segmentation of the English housing stock.

• English housing stock has been split into 36 different archetypes based on the dates of construction and the dwelling configuration.
• This is to support the analysis of retrofit interventions identified on an individual dwelling basis, and their subsequent extrapolation to the entire English housing stock.
• Data on key characteristics relevant to thermal efficiency or the costs of improvement are presented for each of the housing archetypes.

This information has been produced by analysis of data from three years of the English House Condition Survey / English Housing Survey from 2006 to 2008. Characteristics have been chosen to be of particular relevance to thermal efficiency or the costs of improvement: the most frequently found 12 of the archetypes are discussed in detail in terms of:

• Frequency
• Current notional CO₂ emissions
• Predominant wall type & presence of wall insulation
• Roof type
• Percentage of glazing
• Type of glazing
• Presence of bay windows
• Floor area
• Wall area
• Roof area
• Existing loft insulation thickness
• Notional CO₂ reductions following EPC recommended measures
• Presence of 'additional part' (an extension or extension-like area)
• Wall finish

A basic assessment of the potential for Thermal Efficiency improvements is also provided for each of these 12 types.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 2c of 7 in Work Package 2. It presents the final approach to the costing methodology for thermal efficiency improvements to be employed by the project and incorporated into the computer model being developed. Accurate cost information for retrofit interventions is key to ensuring the identification and development of the optimum solutions for each housing archetype previously identified in deliverable D2.1. Intervention costs are estimated for simple / average / difficult properties of each type. This costing detail will be incorporated into the definition of retrofit interventions in Work Package 3.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 2 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency. The findings to date are derived from workshops held with members of the retrofit industry; in addition to WP4 they also feed into the design interventions developed in WP3. Subsequent work in WP4 will focus on the creation of a supply chain to deliver the detailed design solutions emerging from WP3.

This report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency.

A workshop approach was used to identify 10 different customer segments' perceptions of why and how they might retrofit their home.

When the results from all 10 groups had been completed and analysed, it emerged that all customer segments required a major improvement in the level of trust in building work providers, both in the capability to meet their expectations and integrity to offer the right solution.

The following conclusions arise from comparing future state requirements with current capability:

• Householders want to limit the number of people in their home for retrofit work.
• A systems approach to design, manufacture, installation and maintenance of retrofit is likely to deliver significant benefits in cost, speed and efficiency.
• Integration of the whole spectrum of retrofit activities from survey, through design, product manufacture and installation is needed to retrofit of 26 million UK homes before 2050.
• Changes in incentives, accreditation and possibly legislation will be needed to allow required changes to working methods and systems of retrofit delivery to be successfully employed.

Conventional business processes with incremental improvement from current models is unlikely to result in sufficient supply chain performance improvement to deliver whole house retrofit at a mass scale. A step change or new disruptive propositions are required to achieve the required speed, reliability and customer service which current providers do not deliver today.

Appendices 1.1 to 1.10 are available as separate documents:

• Busy Starters
• Early Enterprisers
• Greener Graduates
• Middle Grounders
• Urban Constrained
• Successful Ruralites
• Unconvinced Dependents
• Transitional Retirees
• Elderly Established
• Stretched Pensioners

The other appendices are in the body of this document.

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This report is part of WP4.2. It presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency. The findings to date are derived from workshops held with members of the retrofit industry; in addition to WP4 they also feed into the design interventions developed in WP3. Subsequent work in WP4 will focus on the creation of a supply chain to deliver the detailed design solutions emerging from WP3. This deliverable is number 3 of 8 in Work Package 4.

The report reveals the results of a detailed evaluation of supply chain processes (survey, installation and through life) and develops hypotheses for the systems and commercial structures, which could deliver whole house refurbishment on a mass scale. The evaluation methodology is presented and a preferred supply chain model identified. The conclusions presented within this deliverable will be tested and refined with stakeholders from across industry and government. The updated hypotheses will then provide the foundation for a comprehensive change management plan to be developed in subsequent deliverables.

This report has appendices which are available as separate documents:

• Appendix 1-Survey Process Map
• Appendix 2-Extenal Wall Process Map
• Appendix 3-Internal Wall Timings (not available)
• Appendix 4 - FMEA workshop summary results
  1. Survey Process
  2. Installation Process
• Appendix 5 - Workshop presentations and attendance
  1. Attendees (not available)
  2. 9th June
  3. 12th July
  4. 7th September
  5. 8th September
  6. 13th September

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This report is part of WP4.2. It presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency. The findings to date are derived from workshops held with members of the retrofit industry.

This is Appendix 1: Survey Process Map.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This report is part of WP4.2. It presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency. The findings to date are derived from workshops held with members of the retrofit industry.

This is Appendix 2: External Wall Process Map.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This report is part of WP4.2. It presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency. The findings to date are derived from workshops held with members of the retrofit industry.

This is Appendix 4.2: FMEA Workshop Summary Results - Installation Process.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This report is part of WP4.2. It presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency. The findings to date are derived from workshops held with members of the retrofit industry.

This is Appendix 4.1: FMEA Workshop Summary Results - Survey Process.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 3 of 5 in Work Package 5. The aim of work package 5 is to ensure that any mass scale retrofit mechanism designed by the consortium addresses the key needs of the end customer, the building occupant.

This deliverable is the first of 2 customer engagement exercises, and covers:

• A summary of 52 semi-structured interviews with householders who have experienced a building retrofit
• Interviews were held with both owner occupiers and with tenants of social housing
• Key conclusions from the interviews include:
  • Need to design out delays from the retrofit process,
  • Provide suitable advice as and when the householder wants it,
  • Consider the reduction of VAT from retrofit works and
  • Design solutions which allow for the use of local tradesmen
  • Minimal levels of maintenance going forwards.

The findings will be built upon in deliverable D5.4, a large scale customer engagement with UK householders who have not yet been through a buildings retrofit experience.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 3a of 7 in Work Package 3. It discusses a technical solutions matrix used to identify the interventions most likely to maximise impact, ranked in order of effectiveness:

• Loft insulation,
• Cavity wall insulation,
• Tank and pipe insulation,
• High efficiency boiler installation,
• Draught proofing and
• Repair of doors and windows

It also analyses how retrofit measures should be bundled to maximise impact in terms of performance, cost effectiveness, waste reduction and minimisation of disruption.

The findings of this report was used as a basis for further deliverables in this Work Package. Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 2 of 7 in Work Package 3. This report presents the findings from a review of completed retrofit case studies, both in the UK and in Germany and France. This deliverable aims to evaluate the cost effectiveness of these recent retrofit projects in terms of supply chain solutions and occupant's perception of the achieved annual savings. It will inform the recommendations made in later deliverables regarding the retrofit interventions to pursue in the UK to improve thermal efficiency in domestic buildings at mass scale.

The case studies are discussed are:

• Low Energy Victorian House (LEVH)
• Greener Homes for Redbridge
• Metropolitan Housing Trust
• Perry Street, Darlaston
• Birchcroft Smethwick
• 64 Beach Road, Sea Palling
• Zero Carbon House
• Eco-Energy Retrofit
• Self Heating Social Housing
• Solutions for a Holistic Optimal Retrofit (SHOR)
• BASF Meisterhäuser
• Hohenzöllernhöfe
• Brunck Quarter
• Köln
• The Luwoge Zero Heating Cost House
• L'Habitarelle
• Saint Fargeau -Maison Phénix

The report then covers

• Most effective intervention(s)
• Least effective intervention(s)
• New technology difficulties
• Customer acceptance
• Level of expertise
• Availability of materials
• Cost implications how does the scale affect the nature of interventions?

Appendices cover

• Retrofit Database Review
• Overview of measures adopted by Retrofit Project

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

Work Package 3 covers developing retrofit solutions to improve thermal performance of our national housing stock.

This deliverable is number 3b of 7 in Work Package 3. It builds on the research carried out for the Technical Solutions Matrix (D3.3a). Using the Evaluation Matrices developed previously as a decision guide, this report tackles the challenge of developing generic whole house solutions for a set of representative house types. A preliminary analysis of the impact of the defined retrofit interventions is included in this deliverable.

Due to the range of house types available, we have selected four types that are distinctly different from each other in order to work through the range of unique constraints posed by each type. The four types are as follows:

1. Three bed semi detached house
2. Mid-rise block of flats
3. High-rise tower block
4. Hard to Treat property

Each of these types was analysed in terms of the following framework:

1. Existing condition - what might you find in a property of this type?
2. Issues and Risks - what are the challenges and unknowns?
3. Improvement Options - what can you do to make the property more thermally efficient?
4. Innovation Options - solutions that are not in the mainstream yet but have the potential to solve difficult problems at the critical building junctions.

These take on board the findings from a Retrofit Innovations workshop that was held as part of this workpackage. Costing exercises were also carried out on the most dominant type using current costing methodology. The exercise showed that the cost for a whole house retrofit is quite high and that there is a lot of potential for optimising the process(of the costing itself as well as the retrofit activity) in order to bring down the costs for the future supply chain.

The report also discusses the implications of the smart meter rollout on any national retrofit activity.

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This is the final deliverable in Work Package 3. The report provides a comprehensive overview of Work Package 3 and draws out the main conclusions and findings of all the deliverables. It also recommends areas for further research and builds on the recommendations for mass roll-out as outlined in Deliverable 3.5 (Mass Implementation Plan).

The following headlines comprise the main themes running through all of the deliverables:

• House Types
  • The most likely house types to target for mass retrofit should be based not only on their frequency of occurrence but also their impact on overall carbon emissions.
  • In terms of customer types, segments should be considered according to the size of the population segment, their openness to retrofit, and their awareness of environmental issues.
  • The most likely primary target markets for retrofit would be within the Early Entrepreneurs, Transitional Retirees and Older Established Segments. Stretched Pensioners are open to retrofit but may be limited by their ability to fund the retrofit.
• Whole House Solutions
  • The whole house packages that emerged as a result of this project comprise solutions that scored highly across several criteria categories - solutions that made sense from a design and construction point of view, were affordable, and were relatively easy to bring to market and upscale into mass-market implementation. Solutions that were also cost-effective in terms of cost per kg CO₂ of carbon saved were also included, but were considered in terms of how potential improvements could be applied to both product and supply chain in order to improve scalability and deployment.
  • "Do it once and do it properly" was the key to the generation of these whole house packages. Incremental piecemeal improvements do yield thermal efficiency improvements, but the installation of these improvements as a whole system would yield benefits in terms of cost effectiveness (avoidance of cost duplication), enhanced performance (better thermal detailing at junctions), risk mitigation (minimise damage/decreased performance of previously installed measures), waste minimisation and disruption.
  • Most of the solutions that we would need for mass-scale whole house retrofit currently exist in some shape or form - the key is to work on making them better, high performing, and assembling them as an integrated systems solution that ensures that each component performs as it should instead of the piecemeal approach to retrofit that is employed today.
• There are a number of factors that influence the success of a particular measure or solution - it is not simply about cost or performance. Supply chain maturity, consumer acceptance and the robustness of national and local policies all play a crucial role.
• Current costs of retrofit are high due to the piecemeal, silo-based method that the construction industry uses for costing and for delivering the work. It is apparent that there is a lot of potential for optimising the process (of the costing itself as well as the retrofit activity) in order to bring down the costs. The costing exercises show that the low-carbon options costs over twice as much as doing a 'quick and easy' - basic thermal improvements with minimal disruption. And incentives such as a room in roof or a new kitchen and bathroom (depending on the standard of course) could cause a quadrupling of the costs.
• The major dependency for the success of a mass retrofit programme is customer acceptance. Regardless of the preparatory work to 2020, the success of any retrofit scheme will depend on customer awareness, understanding and most importantly, trust.
• The major obstacles beyond customer demand are likely to include:
  • Available funding and cost
  • Heritage and aesthetic concerns
  • Improved trust in the building industry
  • Appropriate upskilling
• Policy initiatives should be aimed to create conditions in 2020 that support both customer interest acceptance and supply chain development.
• One element which has not been included as a significant barrier, but which can contribute to the overall success of the programme is product innovation. The essential products necessary for retrofit are already available, although some will need to become more widely available and with reduced costs.
• External wall insulation has emerged as the key thermal element for both Retrofix and Retropluspackages, and as such the effect of a mass rollout on neighbourhood streetscapes will need to be considered.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

The report is a review of health and safety data to establish the performance of the UK construction industry and identify any gaps which need to be addressed to improve the safety record of the industry. This report covers types of reportable injury; these are split into "Deaths", "Major Injuries" and "over three day injuries" and further analysis looking at injuries by trade, accident type, project type and work activity. Key points:

• The Construction Industry accounts for only about 5% of the employees in Britain, but still accounts for 27% of fatal injuries to employees and 9% of reported major injuries
• This has remained fairly static for the last three years
• Falls from height account for around half of all fatal accidents in the construction industry
• Biggest hindrances to improvement are:
  • Inertia and complacency in industry culture
  • Client demands
  • Lack of, or poor, training and education

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

The purpose of this work package task has been to investigate three particular concepts;

1. "To define within the context of the OTEoEH project what an acceptable level of intervention will be for the five main housing types selected for scenario testing."
2. "To undertake a Technology development activity to identify technical opportunities that are capable of reducing identified risks of refurbishment to acceptable levels as defined above."
3. "To include in the series of workshops, special attention to skills, culture and systems and processes issues within the construction industry."

This paper is deliverable 7.2, and puts the recommendations and regulations into a more concrete form. It examines how the Construction Design and Management (CDM) Regulations relates to the Health and Safety at Work act and how they should operate in refurbishment projects involving the polycompetent delivery team. In particular it will highlight the role of the team leader as a "designer" within the regulations. The report also explains how risk assessment and risk management should operate in practice.

The main points are that:

• Management is not going to have a major impact on health and safety in the retrofit process.
• It is primarily through this competency that risks will be managed.
• For a polycompetent team to be competent, as defined by the CDM Regulations they will need to be trained in:
  • The correct behavioural attitudes for an appropriate safety culture
  • Generic safety best practice, for example in the use of PPE, manual handling etc
  • How to identify risks
• The main significant risks for the works proposed are likely to be:
  • Access around the site to carry out the works which will affect the location of working platforms such as ladders, scaffold, cherry pickers, etc
  • Properties are likely to remain in occupation throughout the duration of the works which means that work will have to be carried whilst the occupants are carrying out their normal lives. This creates a great deal of health and safety issues
  • Possible presence of asbestos in the properties
  • Current condition of the property such the existing electrical wiring that may not be safe or meet legal standards or the structure of the property may not be stable.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

The purpose of this work package task has been to investigate three particular concepts;

1. "To define within the context of the OTEoEH project what an acceptable level of intervention will be for the five main housing types selected for scenario testing."
2. "To undertake a Technology development activity to identify technical opportunities that are capable of reducing identified risks of refurbishment to acceptable levels as defined above."
3. "To include in the series of workshops, special attention to skills, culture and systems and processes issues within the construction industry."

This paper is deliverable 7.4, and is designed to summarize Health and Safety papers and in particular, to highlight how the new ideas and concepts developed in Workpackage 7.3 could be applied to the Peabody house-types identified in Workpackage 7.2.

The consortium were also asked to also look at a plan for developing any intellectual property arising from Workpackage 7, but none has arisen, so this will not be taken forward.

This paper highlights the leading trends and key issues around health and safety and these are illustrated from the insights from the workshops and include the appropriate recommendations for action.

The application of Construction Design and Management (CDM) Regulations to RetroFix and RetroPlus are considered before looking at the new ideas and concepts and their application to the Peabody house-types.

The key technology concepts discussed include:

• Laser scanning and CNC machining
• The use of drones to take photos and video of inaccessible places as part of a survey
• Offsite production of roof panels and units
• Improved access systems
• Assistance for manual handling

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

The purpose of this work package task has been to investigate three particular concepts;

1. "To define within the context of the OTEoEH project what an acceptable level of intervention will be for the five main housing types selected for scenario testing."
2. "To undertake a Technology development activity to identify technical opportunities that are capable of reducing identified risks of refurbishment to acceptable levels as defined above."
3. "To include in the series of workshops, special attention to skills, culture and systems and processes issues within the construction industry."

This paper is deliverable 7.3, covering the workshops. As well as developing technical solutions the workshops also looked at complementing the work on skills and cultural issues addressed in workpackages 7.1and 7.2. This helped to highlight some of reasons behind the statistics on fatalities in decoration, reflections on the industries culture and the use of safety equipment and looked at the barriers to innovation, especially the cost of testing and certification. The workshop conclusions were:

1. New concepts and ideas
   • Adaptations to ladders, scaffolding and towers to produce tailored safe efficient working platform solutions, for example for the fixing of insulation, cladding or drylining.
   • The use of attachments for cherry pickers etc. to aid handling of windows (especially triple glazed), cladding, drylining and insulation.
   • The use of laser scanning and CNC cutting to prepare materials offsite, particularly internal wall insulation
   • The prefabrication of roof units for loft conversions to minimise time on site
   • The use of drones to photograph/video as part of the survey of the property - particularly for difficult to see areas that would require a surveyor to work at height eg roofs
2. Skills and Culture
   • The poly-competent team will need to be competent contractor. They will have to have embedded a safety culture and have received training in generic good safety practices and risk identification. This will be the primary means by which risk will be managed and will include reducing risks from slips, trips, falls and handling.

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 2 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency. The findings to date are derived from workshops held with members of the retrofit industry; in addition to WP4 they also feed into the design interventions developed in WP3. Subsequent work in WP4 will focus on the creation of a supply chain to deliver the detailed design solutions emerging from WP3. This report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency.

This is Appendix 1.10: Stretched Pensioners - Older people living on social housing estates with limited budgets

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 2 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency. The findings to date are derived from workshops held with members of the retrofit industry; in addition to WP4 they also feed into the design interventions developed in WP3. Subsequent work in WP4 will focus on the creation of a supply chain to deliver the detailed design solutions emerging from WP3. This report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency.

This is Appendix 1.1: Busy Starters - Childless new owner occupiers in cramped new homes

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 2 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency. The findings to date are derived from workshops held with members of the retrofit industry; in addition to WP4 they also feed into the design interventions developed in WP3. Subsequent work in WP4 will focus on the creation of a supply chain to deliver the detailed design solutions emerging from WP3. This report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency.

This is Appendix 1.2: Early Enterprisers - Early middle-aged parents likely to be involved in their children's education

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 2 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency. The findings to date are derived from workshops held with members of the retrofit industry; in addition to WP4 they also feed into the design interventions developed in WP3. Subsequent work in WP4 will focus on the creation of a supply chain to deliver the detailed design solutions emerging from WP3. This report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency.

This is Appendix 1.3: Greener Graduates - Well educated singles living in purpose built flats

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 2 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency. The findings to date are derived from workshops held with members of the retrofit industry; in addition to WP4 they also feed into the design interventions developed in WP3. Subsequent work in WP4 will focus on the creation of a supply chain to deliver the detailed design solutions emerging from WP3. This report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency.

This is Appendix 1.5: Urban Constrained - Older families in low value housing in traditional industrial areas

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 2 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency. The findings to date are derived from workshops held with members of the retrofit industry; in addition to WP4 they also feed into the design interventions developed in WP3. Subsequent work in WP4 will focus on the creation of a supply chain to deliver the detailed design solutions emerging from WP3. This report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency.

This is Appendix 1.6: Successful Ruralites - Rural families with high incomes, often from city jobs

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 2 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency The findings to date are derived from workshops held with members of the retrofit industry; in addition to WP4 they also feed into the design interventions developed in WP3. Subsequent work in WP4 will focus on the creation of a supply chain to deliver the detailed design solutions emerging from WP3. This report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency.

This is Appendix 1.7: Unconvinced Dependent - Vulnerable young parents needing substantial state support

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 2 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency. The findings to date are derived from workshops held with members of the retrofit industry; in addition to WP4 they also feed into the design interventions developed in WP3. Subsequent work in WP4 will focus on the creation of a supply chain to deliver the detailed design solutions emerging from WP3. This report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency.

This is Appendix 1.8: Transitional Retirees - Empty nester owner occupiers making little use of public services

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 2 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency. The findings to date are derived from workshops held with members of the retrofit industry; in addition to WP4 they also feed into the design interventions developed in WP3. Subsequent work in WP4 will focus on the creation of a supply chain to deliver the detailed design solutions emerging from WP3. This report presents the development of the framework of an adaptable and scalable supply chain to meet customers' requirements for whole house retrofit for improved thermal efficiency.

This is Appendix 1.9: Elderly Established - Better-off empty nesters in low density estates on town

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 4 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report builds on prior work in Work Package 4 together with taking inputs from WP3.4b (Single Dwelling Implementation Plan) and WP5.4 (Consumer Engagement) to test out 5 models of supply chain design against the requirements of consumer segments with whom a successful retrofit engagement is most likely. On site approaches to deliver the basic and enhance retrofit packages designed in WP3.4b are presented with the conclusion that most can be delivered in 3 - 5 days stretching to 7 days for the most complicated. The report proposes that a national franchise model for retrofit is the most appropriate for the successful up-take of mass retrofit.

The report covers:

• Background and link to other work packages
• Approach
• High level supply chain design
• Detailed supply chain design
• Survey process
• Installation process
• Supply chain system design
• Current sales and delivery route
• Retrofit demand
• Training and accreditation
• The value of retrofit
• Conclusions and next steps
• Appendices (available as separate documents)
  1. Estimate of Product Volumes
  2. Installation Programmes
     1. Pre 1919 Detached
     2. Pre 1919 Mid Terrace
     3. 1919-1944 Semi
     4. 1945-1965 Semi
     5. 1965-1980 Bungalow
     6. 1965-1980 Detached
     7. 1965-1980 Purpose Built Low Rise Flat
     8. 8 1980 Detached
  3. Stakeholder Interviews

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 4 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report builds on prior work in Work Package 4 together with taking inputs from WP3.4b (Single Dwelling Implementation Plan) and WP5.4 (Consumer Engagement) to test out 5 models of supply chain design against the requirements of consumer segments with whom a successful retrofit engagement is most likely. On site approaches to deliver the basic and enhance retrofit packages designed in WP3.4b are presented with the conclusion that most can be delivered in 3 - 5 days stretching to 7 days for the most complicated. The report proposes that a national franchise model for retrofit is the most appropriate for the successful up-take of mass retrofit.

This is Appendix A: Estimate of Product Volumes.

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 4 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report builds on prior work in Work Package 4 together with taking inputs from WP3.4b (Single Dwelling Implementation Plan) and WP5.4 (Consumer Engagement) to test out 5 models of supply chain design against the requirements of consumer segments with whom a successful retrofit engagement is most likely. On site approaches to deliver the basic and enhance retrofit packages designed in WP3.4b are presented with the conclusion that most can be delivered in 3 - 5 days stretching to 7 days for the most complicated. The report proposes that a national franchise model for retrofit is the most appropriate for the successful up-take of mass retrofit.

This is Appendix B.1: Installation Programme Pre 1919 Detached.

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 4 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report builds on prior work in Work Package 4 together with taking inputs from WP3.4b (Single Dwelling Implementation Plan) and WP5.4 (Consumer Engagement) to test out 5 models of supply chain design against the requirements of consumer segments with whom a successful retrofit engagement is most likely. On site approaches to deliver the basic and enhance retrofit packages designed in WP3.4b are presented with the conclusion that most can be delivered in 3 - 5 days stretching to 7 days for the most complicated. The report proposes that a national franchise model for retrofit is the most appropriate for the successful up-take of mass retrofit.

This is Appendix B.2: Installation Programme Pre 1919 Mid Terrace.

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 4 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report builds on prior work in Work Package 4 together with taking inputs from WP3.4b (Single Dwelling Implementation Plan) and WP5.4 (Consumer Engagement) to test out 5 models of supply chain design against the requirements of consumer segments with whom a successful retrofit engagement is most likely. On site approaches to deliver the basic and enhance retrofit packages designed in WP3.4b are presented with the conclusion that most can be delivered in 3 - 5 days stretching to 7 days for the most complicated. The report proposes that a national franchise model for retrofit is the most appropriate for the successful up-take of mass retrofit.

This is Appendix B.3: Installation Programme 1919-1944 Semi.

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 4 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report builds on prior work in Work Package 4 together with taking inputs from WP3.4b (Single Dwelling Implementation Plan) and WP5.4 (Consumer Engagement) to test out 5 models of supply chain design against the requirements of consumer segments with whom a successful retrofit engagement is most likely. On site approaches to deliver the basic and enhance retrofit packages designed in WP3.4b are presented with the conclusion that most can be delivered in 3 - 5 days stretching to 7 days for the most complicated. The report proposes that a national franchise model for retrofit is the most appropriate for the successful up-take of mass retrofit.

This is Appendix B: Installation Programme 1945-1965 Semi.

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents maybe out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 4 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report builds on prior work in Work Package 4 together with taking inputs from WP3.4b (Single Dwelling Implementation Plan) and WP5.4 (Consumer Engagement) to test out 5 models of supply chain design against the requirements of consumer segments with whom a successful retrofit engagement is most likely. On site approaches to deliver the basic and enhance retrofit packages designed in WP3.4b are presented with the conclusion that most can be delivered in 3 - 5 days stretching to 7 days for the most complicated. The report proposes that a national franchise model for retrofit is the most appropriate for the successful up-take of mass retrofit.

This is Appendix B.5: Installation Programme 1965-1980 Bungalow.

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 4 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report builds on prior work in Work Package 4 together with taking inputs from WP3.4b (Single Dwelling Implementation Plan) and WP5.4 (Consumer Engagement) to test out 5 models of supply chain design against the requirements of consumer segments with whom a successful retrofit engagement is most likely. On site approaches to deliver the basic and enhance retrofit packages designed in WP3.4b are presented with the conclusion that most can be delivered in 3 - 5 days stretching to 7 days for the most complicated. The report proposes that a national franchise model for retrofit is the most appropriate for the successful up-take of mass retrofit.

This is Appendix B.6: Installation Programme 1965-1980 Detached.

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 4 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report builds on prior work in Work Package 4 together with taking inputs from WP3.4b (Single Dwelling Implementation Plan) and WP5.4 (Consumer Engagement) to test out 5 models of supply chain design against the requirements of consumer segments with whom a successful retrofit engagement is most likely. On site approaches to deliver the basic and enhance retrofit packages designed in WP3.4b are presented with the conclusion that most can be delivered in 3 - 5 days stretching to 7 days for the most complicated. The report proposes that a national franchise model for retrofit is the most appropriate for the successful up-take of mass retrofit.

This is Appendix B.7: Installation Programme 1965-1980 Purpose Built Low Rise Flat.

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 4 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report builds on prior work in Work Package 4 together with taking inputs from WP3.4b (Single Dwelling Implementation Plan) and WP5.4 (Consumer Engagement) to test out 5 models of supply chain design against the requirements of consumer segments with whom a successful retrofit engagement is most likely. On site approaches to deliver the basic and enhance retrofit packages designed in WP3.4b are presented with the conclusion that most can be delivered in 3 - 5 days stretching to 7 days for the most complicated. The report proposes that a national franchise model for retrofit is the most appropriate for the successful up-take of mass retrofit.

This is Appendix B.8: Installation Programme 1980 Detached.

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This project looked at designing a supply chain solution to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the 26 million UK homes which will still be in use by 2050. It looked to identify ways in which the refurbishment and retrofitting of existing residential properties can be accelerated by industrialising the processes of design, supply and implementation, while stimulating demand from householders by exploiting additional opportunities that come with extensive building refurbishment. The project developed a top-to-bottom process, using a method of analysing the most cost-effective package of measures suitable for a particular property, through to how these will be installed with the minimum disruption to the householder. This includes identifying the skills required of the people on the ground as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when.

This deliverable is number 4 of 8 in Work Package 4. The report builds on prior work in Work Package 4 together with taking inputs from WP3.4b (Single Dwelling Implementation Plan) and WP5.4 (Consumer Engagement) to test out 5 models of supply chain design against the requirements of consumer segments with whom a successful retrofit engagement is most likely. On site approaches to deliver the basic and enhance retrofit packages designed in WP3.4b are presented with the conclusion that most can be delivered in 3 - 5 days stretching to 7 days for the most complicated. The report proposes that a national franchise model for retrofit is the most appropriate for the successful up-take of mass retrofit.

This is Appendix C: Stakeholder Interviews.

Please note this report was produced in 2011/2012 and its contents may be out of date.

This report presents the results of an independent assessment (by University of Edinburgh, UoE) of the likely achievable separation performance from a rotary wheel adsorber using carbon monolith adsorbents. UoE selected what it considered the best available grade of carbon, measured adsorption isotherms for N₂ and CO₂ and modelled the performance of a rotary adsorber for two alternative cycles. The simulation results showed that 90% recovery and 97% purity could be achieved.

The ETI engaged Foster Wheeler to execute its CCS Benchmark Refresh Project. The main purpose of this further study work is to provide additional benchmarking and performance analysis of next generation carbon capture technologies for combined cycle gas turbines (CCGTs) building upon those evaluated and reported in previous phases of CCS study work that Foster Wheeler had executed with ETI. This Phase A Report includes:

• An assessment of materially significant changes from the previous CCGT benchmark, together with documentation of the assumptions used in development of the new benchmark;
• An assessment of appropriate EGR rates fulfilling the above criteria appropriate exhaust gas recycle (EGR) rates which could potentially be used in CCGTs with CCS;
• Presentation of the technical and economic performance and deliverables for each of the benchmark cases

This report describes development of a new benchmark for an alternative commercial CCGT model with an Independent Capture Plant (ICP), in order to examine the feasibility, cost, schedule and efficiency penalty for a “commercially distinct” post-combustion carbon capture plant. The report describes the results from a base case and two sensitivity cases:

• The base case consists of a CCGT plus ICP configured for 90% capture using an amine system but where the CCGT is unaffected by the capture plant. In this case the capture plant operates independently of the CCGT and is self-sufficient in steam and power;
• The first sensitivity case investigates the use of power import from the CCGT. The steam demand for the ICP is met with a package steam boiler;
• The second sensitivity case investigates the effect of importing both power and steam from the CCGT. This is considered to represent a retrofit scenario, where the ICP is built next to an existing CCGT.

This report documents the assumptions used and presents the technical and economic performance for the above cases, as compared with the Task 1 CCGT Benchmark cases both with and without capture (see Deliverable D2.1).

This report describes the work carried out for the Capture Benchmarking Study, and provides a techno-economic analysis of the performance of four state-of-the-art power generation/CO₂ capture designs (coal with post-combustion capture, coal with gasification/pre-combustion capture, coal with oxy-firing and combined cycle gas turbine with post-combustion capture). The original study provided results for 90% CO₂ capture. This report now includes results for 85% and 95% capture rates. The report is partly superseded by work undertaken and reported in the Benchmark Refresh project.

This document provides an abstract and a brief summary of the project titled "COLDROOM - Improving food temperature control in chilled and frozen storage rooms".

There are over 7,000 food manufacturers in the UK. At least 50% of these manufacturers operate refrigerated storage areas. In addition, all food retailers and most catering establishments also operate cold stores.

One, if not the most important, change in food refrigeration in the last 10-15 years has been the realisation of the interdependence of the different refrigeration operations and the concept of the 'cold chain'. It is essential, if food quality and safety are to be maximised, to attain:

1. The optimal rate of temperature reduction in primary chilling and freezing.
2. Maintenance of the correct temperature throughout storage, processing, distribution and retailing.

The main project objectives were to improve the safety, quality and economics of chilled and frozen storage by closer control of food temperature. This was achieved by developing a user-friendly model to predict food temperatures in chilled and frozen storage rooms under real operating conditions. The model allows:

1. Cold room operators, contractors, and manufacturers to specify and design cold rooms to keep food at optimum temperatures under actual working conditions.
2. Users to rapidly predict the effect of operating conditions and loading patterns on performance and identify how they can avoid unacceptable food temperatures.

The model was verified against data for a chilled cold room operating at temperatures of between 1 and 10°C. The verification trials included simulated cold room breakdown and extended door openings during loading. The overall mean difference between the predicted and experimental centre and surface food temperatures were found to be less than 0.7°C.

This document is a report for the project titled 'Carbon Burnout Project - Coal Fineness Effects'.

Carbon-in-ash presents an obvious cost to coal-fired generation plant in terms of lost fuel. High levels of carbon-in-ash can also inhibit the efficiency of electrostatic precipitators, which in turn can lead to increased particulate emissions, while the potential for selling fly-ash is dependent upon the level of carbon in the ash and excessive levels can result in additional disposal costs.

The aim of DTI project 226 has been to establish good quality plant and rig data to demonstrate the effect of changing coal fineness on carbon burnout in a controlled manner, which can then be used to support computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and engineering models of the process. The project was designed to achieve this through:

Full-scale boiler trials.

1MWth combustion test facility (CTF) trials at Powergen's Power Technology Centre.

Laboratory tests of fuel and fly ash samples produced by the plant and rig trials, at Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine (ICSTM).

The full scale plant trials were successfully completed at Powergen's Kingsnorth Power Station, establishing plant data that demonstrates the effect of changing coal fineness on carbon burnout in a controlled manner. A full set of tests were also completed on Powergen's CTF, operating with four different fuel grind sizes. During these tests both carbon-in-ash and NOX levels were seen to increase with increasing fuel particle size.

This report is divided into the following sections:

1. Introduction
2. Programme of Work
3. Discussion of Results
4. Conclusions
5. Future Work
6. Acknowledgements
7. References
8. Figures

The ETI appointed North Energy Associates (NEA) to lead a new Carbon Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Evidence Analysis project in its Bioenergy Programme. LCAs are used to understand the greenhouse gas emissions associated with bioenergy from across the supply chain, from feedstock production to energy production. Several different methodologies can be used in LCAs and this ETI project assessed the strengths and weaknesses associated with applying these methodologies to bioenergy value chains. It also reviewed sources of data for LCAs and produced a compendium of the best and most reliable data across different UK-relevant bioenergy feedstocks and value chains. This compendium has formed the basis of a series of carbon balance calculations across a range of bioenergy value chains so that emissions from different feedstocks can be compared.

The aims of this project on “Carbon Life Cycle Assessment Evidence Analysis” for the Energy Technologies Institute are to identify and review the existing evidence base, in terms of relevant life cycle assessments (LCAs) which calculate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with potentially major bioenergy value chains for the United Kingdom; to compile a compendium of the best and most reliable ranges of basic data used in such calculations; to develop suitable workbooks for consistent calculation of GHG emissions associated with these bioenergy value chains; and to produce results which can be compared and used to identify and prioritise key knowledge gaps.

This document is a supplementary report to the outcomes of deliverable ‘D2 – Bioenergy Life Cycle Assessment Review Report” from Work Package 2 of this project which has the main objectives of analysing previous relevant LCA studies by providing a critique of the robustness of the evidence base based on both data and methodologies used; a measure of certainty behind the data reviewed; and details of the confidence the reviewer may have in interpreting the data

• This report has been prepared in response to a specific request from the ETI; the additional full reviews of the 34 studies identified as adopting ALCA methodologiesis solely due to this request and not to any change in the original goal and scope that applies to all other aspects of the project.
• The 34 ALCA studies identified by the initial selection and screening process formed a sub-set of ALCA bioenergy studies likely to cover the scope of the project in terms of:biomass sources, being conventional forests (broadleaf, conifer and pine), plantation pine forests, short rotation forests (conifer and broadleaf),short rotation coppice (willow and poplar), miscanthus and wheat straw; geographical biomass provenance, being Canada, the USA and Europe; and specified conversion technologies.
• Due to the nature of the screening process, coverage of the value chains relevant to this project is less assured for the selected ALCA studies than for the CLCA studies in the main review; no supplementary screening was carried out to identify ALCA studies that would have been excluded from detailed review for a reason other than adoption of ALCA methodology (such as provenance of biomass).
• This report provides the results of each review as well as an assessment of the robustness of the evidence base provided by the studies (mainly in terms of coverage of value chains transparency of calculationsand methodologies adopted) and an examination of the differences and similarities between the studies.
• The mai nfindings from the review process were that, from the 34 reviewed ALCA studies, very few (11) of the potential (190) relevant whole bioenergy value chains were covered by 8 ALCA studies, and only 1 of these studies (a calculation tool with the potential to cover 3 of the specified value chains) had high transparency.
• Taking into account the analysis of the reviewed ALCA studies,which demonstrates the extensive variations in the methodologies adopted and the physical parameters used for results reporting, it is apparent that there are limits to findings on confidence and critical data that can be derived from them for the evidence base for the specified bioenergy value chains in this project.

This document describes the characteristics of Miscanthus in terms of moisture content, net and gross calorific value, dry ash content and its variability, dry nitrogen content, dry chlorine, barium, beryllium, chromium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, zinc, arsenic, antimony, mercury, cadmium, lead, fluorine, bromine, aluminium, calcium, iron, potassium, manganese, sodium, phosphorus, silicon and titanium content.

This document is one of the 13 appendices to the Final Report from the first Phase (2015/16) of the Characterisation of Feedstocks (CofF) project, the primary purpose of which is to provide an understanding of UK produced biomass properties, how these vary and what causes this variability.

The purpose of this report plus its related parts is to report the variability in feedstock properties of UK produced energy biomass, the causes of these variations and the relationship between the feedstock properties and the provenance data collected. Five feedstocks were studied: Miscanthus, willow short rotation coppice (SRC), poplar SRC, poplar grown as short rotation forests (SRF), and spruce SRF, with poplar and Sitka spruce selected to represent broadleaved and coniferous biomass crops respectively. Provenance data include site properties (such as general climate zone and soil chemistry), the conditions at the time of sample collection, and past management of the site and crop with soil samples also collected for analysis. The feedstock samples were analysed in UKAS accredited laboratories.

The primary objective of this 2015/16/17 Project was to provide an understanding of UK produced biomass properties, how these vary and what causes this variability. This slide set was presented on 16th March 2017 to ETI by the Forest Research led team, and covers the findings from the whole of the Characterisation of Feedstocks Project.

The primary objective of this 2015/16/17 Project was to provide an understanding of UK produced biomass properties, how these vary and what causes this variability. This document contains the Appendices to the Final Report from the second Phase (2016/17) of the Characterisation of Feedstocks (CofF) project, Deliverable D12. This deliverable (D12) is one of three to be provided under the second phase (2016/17) of the Characterisation of Feedstocks Project. It is supported by the Excel dataset (D11). A synthesis and summary of the findings from the whole project, Phases 1 plus 2, is provided separately (Deliverable D13). The purpose of this deliverable D12 is to report

• the findings from the 2016/17 investigations into the impact of harvest time on the properties of UK produced Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) willow and Miscanthus;
• the impact of variety on UK produced SRC willow properties, and;
• the impact of four different types of commonly used storage types over time on UK produced Miscanthus properties.

The primary objective of this 2015/16/17 Project was to provide an understanding of UK produced biomass properties, how these vary and what causes this variability. This slideset was used to brief the ETI on the experimental hypotheses, approach, methodology (including with respect to health and safety) for the second phase (2016/17) of the Characterisation of Feedstocks project. The purpose of this deliverable was to enable the Project delivery team to demonstrate to the ETI that the planned approaches would enable the experimental hypotheses to be robustly tested and meet the ETI?s needs.

The primary objective of this Project was to provide an understanding of UK produced biomass properties, how these vary and what causes this variability. This report provides an overview of the first phase (2015/16) of the Characterisation of Feedstocks project, excluding the extension work (reported in Deliverables D12 Report and D13 Whole Project Executive Report).

The report starts with a summary of the key findings from the four studies carried out during 2015 and 2016. This is followed by an introduction to the context of the Project, including background, rationale and objectives; a description of the project approach, including the parameters investigated; the hypotheses tested; and the experimental protocols. The report then provides a summary of the two main areas of study, the results obtained and the statistical analyses used. An initial comparison of the results with those in the principal International database of biomass properties is discussed to put the results into context. The results and findings from the third and fourth areas of study are presented: comparison of variation within individual fields with those observed between sites, and the effect of pelletisation on Miscanthus properties. Commentary on the relative costs of establishment and production for the different feedstocks are provided. Finally the implications of, and recommendations to be drawn from the study are discussed

This document describes the characteristics of Willow SRC in terms of moisture content, net and gross calorific value, dry ash content and its variability, dry nitrogen content, dry chlorine, barium, beryllium, chromium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, zinc, arsenic, antimony, mercury, cadmium, lead, fluorine, bromine, aluminium, calcium, iron, potassium, manganese, sodium, phosphorus, silicon and titanium content.

This document is one of the 13 appendices to the Final Report from the first Phase (2015/16) of the Characterisation of Feedstocks (CofF) project, the primary purpose of which is to provide an understanding of UK produced biomass properties, how these vary and what causes this variability.

The purpose of this report plus its related parts is to report the variability in feedstock properties of UK produced energy biomass, the causes of these variations and the relationship between the feedstock properties and the provenance data collected. Five feedstocks were studied: Miscanthus, willow short rotation coppice (SRC), poplar SRC, poplar grown as short rotation forests (SRF), and spruce SRF, with poplar and Sitka spruce selected to represent broadleaved and coniferous biomass crops respectively. Provenance data include site properties (such as general climate zone and soil chemistry), the conditions at the time of sample collection, and past management of the site and crop with soil samples also collected for analysis. The feedstock samples were analysed in UKAS accredited laboratories.

This document describes the characteristics of Willow SRC IFV in terms of moisture content, net and gross calorific value, dry ash content and its variability, dry nitrogen content, dry chlorine, barium, beryllium, chromium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, zinc, arsenic, antimony, mercury, cadmium, lead, fluorine, bromine, aluminium, calcium, iron, potassium, manganese, sodium, phosphorus, silicon and titanium content.

This document is one of the 13 appendices to the Final Report from the first Phase (2015/16) of the Characterisation of Feedstocks (CofF) project, the primary purpose of which is to provide an understanding of UK produced biomass properties, how these vary and what causes this variability.

The purpose of this report plus its related parts is to report the variability in feedstock properties of UK produced energy biomass, the causes ofthese variations and the relationship between the feedstock properties and the provenance data collected. Five feedstocks were studied: Miscanthus, willow short rotation coppice (SRC), poplar SRC, poplar grown as short rotation forests (SRF), and spruce SRF, with poplar and Sitka spruce selected to represent broadleaved and coniferous biomass crops respectively. Provenance data include site properties (such as general climate zone and soil chemistry), the conditions at the time of sample collection, and past management of the site and crop with soil samples also collected for analysis. The feedstock samples were analysed in UKAS accredited laboratories.

This document describes the null hypothesis values for all five feedstocks in terms of moisture content, net and gross calorific value, dry ash content and its variability, dry nitrogen content, dry chlorine, barium, beryllium, chromium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, zinc, arsenic, antimony, mercury, cadmium, lead, fluorine, bromine, aluminium, calcium, iron, potassium, manganese, sodium, phosphorus, silicon and titanium content.

This document is one of the 13 appendices to the Final Report from the first Phase (2015/16) of the Characterisation of Feedstocks (CofF) project, the primary purpose of which is to provide an understanding of UK produced biomass properties, how these vary and what causes this variability.

The purpose of this report plus its related parts is to report the variability in feedstock properties of UK produced energy biomass, the causes of these variations and the relationship between the feedstock properties and the provenance data collected. Five feedstocks were studied: Miscanthus, willow short rotation coppice (SRC), poplar SRC, poplar grown as short rotation forests (SRF), and spruce SRF, with poplar and Sitka spruce selected to represent broadleaved and coniferous biomass crops respectively. Provenance data include site properties (such as general climate zone and soil chemistry), the conditions at the time of sample collection, and past management of the site and crop with soil samples also collected for analysis. The feedstock samples were analysed in UKAS accredited laboratories.

This document describes the characteristics of Poplar SRF in terms of moisture content, net and gross calorific value, dry ash content and its variability, dry nitrogen content, dry chlorine, barium, beryllium, chromium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, zinc, arsenic, antimony, mercury, cadmium, lead, fluorine, bromine, aluminium, calcium, iron, potassium, manganese, sodium, phosphorus, silicon and titanium content.

This document is one of the 13 appendices to the Final Report from the first Phase (2015/16) of the Characterisation of Feedstocks (CofF) project, the primary purpose of which is to provide an understanding of UK produced biomass properties, how these vary and what causes this variability.

The purpose of this report plus its related parts is to report the variability in feedstock properties of UK produced energy biomass, the causes of these variations and the relationship between the feedstock properties and the provenance data collected. Five feedstocks were studied: Miscanthus, willow short rotation coppice (SRC), poplar SRC, poplar grown as short rotation forests (SRF), and spruce SRF, with poplar and Sitka spruce selected to represent broadleaved and coniferous biomass crops respectively. Provenance data include site properties (such as general climate zone and soil chemistry), the conditions at the time of sample collection, and past management of the site and crop with soil samples also collected for analysis. The feedstock samples were analysed in UKAS accredited laboratories.

This document describes the characteristics of Spruce SRF in terms of moisture content, net and gross calorific value, dry ash content and its variability, dry nitrogen content, dry chlorine, barium, beryllium, chromium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, zinc, arsenic, antimony, mercury, cadmium, lead, fluorine, bromine, aluminium, calcium, iron, potassium, manganese, sodium, phosphorus, silicon and titanium content.

This document is one of the 13 appendices to the Final Report from the first Phase (2015/16) of the Characterisation of Feedstocks (CofF) project, the primary purpose of which is to provide an understanding of UK produced biomass properties, how these vary and what causes this variability.

The purpose of this report plus its related parts is to report the variability in feedstock properties of UK produced energy biomass, the causes of these variations and the relationship between the feedstock properties and the provenance data collected. Five feedstocks were studied: Miscanthus, willow short rotation coppice (SRC), poplar SRC, poplar grown as short rotation forests (SRF), and spruce SRF, with poplar and Sitka spruce selected to represent broadleaved and coniferous biomass crops respectively. Provenance data include site properties (such as general climate zone and soil chemistry), the conditions at the time of sample collection, and past management of the site and crop with soil samples also collected for analysis. The feedstock samples were analysed in UKAS accredited laboratories.

This document describes the infield variation and site composite results in characteristics of Miscanthus in terms of moisture content, net and gross calorific value, dry ash content and its variability, dry nitrogen content, dry chlorine, barium, beryllium, chromium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, zinc, arsenic, antimony, mercury, cadmium, lead, fluorine, bromine, aluminium, calcium, iron, potassium, manganese, sodium, phosphorus, silicon and titanium content.

This document is one of the 13 appendices to the Final Report from the first Phase (2015/16) of the Characterisation of Feedstocks (CofF) project, the primary purpose of which is to provide an understanding of UK produced biomass properties, how these vary and what causes this variability.

The purpose of this report plus its related parts is to report the variability in feedstock properties of UK produced energy biomass, the causes of these variations and the relationship between the feedstock properties and the provenance data collected. Five feedstocks were studied: Miscanthus, willow short rotation coppice (SRC), poplar SRC, poplar grown as short rotation forests (SRF), and spruce SRF, with poplar and Sitka spruce selected to represent broadleaved and coniferous biomass crops respectively. Provenance data include site properties (such as general climate zone and soil chemistry), the conditions at the time of sample collection, and past management of the site and crop with soil samples also collected for analysis. The feedstock samples were analysed in UKAS accredited laboratories.

This document contains a summary of the variance in analytical results for fresh Miscanthus, Willow SRC, Willow leaves, Poplar SRF trunk, tops and leaves, and Spruce SRF trunk, tops and bark, categorized by climate, soil type and storage.

This document is one of the 13 appendices to the Final Report from the first Phase (2015/16) of the Characterisation of Feedstocks (CofF) project, the primary purpose of which is to provide an understanding of UK produced biomass properties, how these vary and what causes this variability. The purpose of this report plus its related parts is to report the variability in feedstock properties of UK produced energy biomass, the causes of these variations and the relationship between the feedstock properties and the provenance data collected. Five feedstocks were studied: Miscanthus, willow short rotation coppice (SRC), poplar SRC, poplar grownas short rotation forests (SRF), and spruce SRF, with poplar and Sitka spruce selected to represent broadleaved and coniferous biomass crops respectively. Provenance data include site properties (such as general climate zone and soil chemistry), the conditions at the time of sample collection, and past management of the site and crop with soil samples also collected for analysis. The feedstock samples were analysed in UKAS accredited laboratories.

The primary objective of this 2015/16/17 Project was to provide an understanding of UK produced biomass properties, how these vary and what causes this variability. This document is one of the appendices to the Final Report from the first Phase (2015/16) of the Characterisation of Feedstocks (CofF) project, Deliverable D6, and outlines the scope and acceptance criteria of this deliverable.

This document contains maps of the test Miscanthus field showing the different plots analysed and their relative yield of in terms of moisture content, net and gross calorific value, dry ash content and its variability, dry nitrogen content, dry chlorine, barium, beryllium, chromium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, zinc, arsenic, antimony, mercury, cadmium, lead, fluorine, bromine, aluminium, calcium, iron, potassium, manganese, sodium, phosphorus, silicon and titanium.

This document is one of the 13 appendices to the Final Report from the first Phase (2015/16) of the Characterisation of Feedstocks (CofF) project, the primary purpose of which is to provide an understanding of UK produced biomass properties, how these vary and what causes this variability. The purpose of this report plus its related parts is to report the variability in feedstock properties of UK produced energy biomass, the causes of these variations and the relationship between the feedstock properties and the provenance data collected. Five feedstocks were studied: Miscanthus, willow short rotation coppice (SRC), poplar SRC, poplar grown as short rotation forests (SRF), and spruce SRF, with poplar and Sitka spruce selected to represent broadleaved and coniferous biomass crops respectively. Provenance data include site properties (such as general climate zone and soil chemistry), the conditions at the time of sample collection, and past management of the site and crop with soil samples also collected for analysis. The feedstock samples were analysed in UKAS accredited laboratories.

This document contains a summary of the analytical results for fresh Miscanthus, Willow SRC, Willow leaves, Poplar SRF trunk, tops and leaves, and Spruce SRF trunk, tops and bark.

This document is one of the 13 appendices to the Final Report from the first Phase (2015/16) of the Characterisation of Feedstocks (CofF) project, the primary purpose of which is to provide an understanding of UK produced biomass properties, how these vary and what causes this variability. The purpose of this report plus its related parts is to report the variability in feedstock properties of UK produced energy biomass, the causes of these variations and the relationship between the feedstock properties and the provenance data collected. Five feedstocks were studied: Miscanthus, willow short rotation coppice (SRC), poplar SRC, poplar grown as short rotation forests (SRF), and spruce SRF, with poplar and Sitka spruce selected to represent broadleaved and coniferous biomass crops respectively. Provenance data include site properties (such as general climate zone and soil chemistry), the conditions at the time of sample collection, and past management of the site and crop with soil samples also collected for analysis. The feedstock samples were analysed in UKAS accredited laboratories.

This document compares the composition of all feedstocks in terms of moisture content, net and gross calorific value, dry ash content and its variability, dry nitrogen content, dry chlorine, barium, beryllium, chromium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, zinc, arsenic, antimony, mercury, cadmium, lead, fluorine, bromine, aluminium, calcium, iron, potassium, manganese, sodium, phosphorus, silicon and titanium content.

This document is one of the 13 appendices to the Final Report from the first Phase (2015/16) of the Characterisation of Feedstocks (CofF) project, the primary purpose of which is to provide an understanding of UK produced biomass properties, how these vary and what causes this variability. The purpose of this report plus its related parts is to report the variability in feedstock properties of UK produced energy biomass, the causes of these variationsand the relationship between the feedstock properties and the provenance data collected. Five feedstocks were studied: Miscanthus, willow short rotation coppice (SRC), poplar SRC, poplar grown as short rotation forests (SRF), and spruce SRF, with poplar and Sitka spruce selected to represent broadleaved and coniferous biomass crops respectively. Provenance data include site properties (such as general climate zone and soil chemistry), the conditions at the time of sample collection, and past management of the site and crop with soil samples also collected for analysis. The feedstock samples were analysed in UKAS accredited laboratories.

The primary objective of this Project was to provide an understanding of UK produced biomass properties, how these vary and what causes this variability. This deliverable is provided under the second phase (2016/17) of the Characterisation of Feedstocks Project. This report is a summary of the findings from the whole project, it complements the Final Reports from the first and second phases (D6 and D12) and is supported by the Excel dataset (D11). Some key findings from the report are:

• inclusion of leaves in biomass should be avoided. An exclusion might be conifer tops where the levels of most elements were sufficiently low to not exceed quality thresholds;
• harvesting time had a marked effect;
• while there were species differences between SRC willow varieties, no variety combined the best ranking in all parameters across all sites;
• there were major changesto Miscanthus quality during storage (decreasing fuel quality);
• for growers of Miscanthus, poplar SRF and spruce SRF, the key influences on many properties, i.e. season and storage, can be manipulated;
• SRC willow growers have a reasonable degree of control over some of the important feedstock characteristics by their choice of variety;
• for poplar SRF and spruce SRF, many properties can be adjusted by choice of plant part to market, and harvest time
• feedstock properties were relatively insensitive to the way spruce SRF as grown.

Appendices to the final report on investigations into the effect of harvest time and variety on willow SRC and the effect of harvest time and storage method on Miscanthus quality Deliverable Context and Key Content.

The UK now imports more than 50% of the coal that is used for coal-fired power generation. UK generators are offered an increasingly wider range of world-traded coals for burning in boilers that were designed to burn a relatively narrow range of indigenous coals. This project was undertaken to provide UK boiler designers and operators with an improved knowledge of the combustion characteristics of coals for which they had little combustion experience. The study placed particular emphasis on the effects that a wider range of coal minerals and mineral matter distributions might have on the many aspects of boiler operation. These ranged from coal grinding for pulverised coal combustion, to combustion behaviour, levels of unburned carbon in ash, precipitator performance, gaseous and particulate emissions, and the slagging and fouling characteristics of the ash.

The coals were selected to reflect the wide range of world-traded coals that are now on offer and came from North and South America, Australia, South Africa, Indonesia, China, Russia and India. The coals were chosen on the basis of the ash content and ash chemistry that UK utilities might encounter. As a consequence of the varied geographical origins of the coals and the range of ash chemistry, the nature and distribution of the mineral matter in the coals was found to be significantly different from that of indigenous coals.

Coal and mineral matter characterisation was carried by Nottingham University and Imperial College London. Combustion studies were undertaken by E.ON, using the Combustion Test Facility (CTF) at the Ratcliffe Power Technology Centre and by Imperial College, using a high temperature Entrained Flow Reactor (EFR). In addition the EFR was used to study the mineral transformations of the minerals found in the suite of coals. The combustion facilities generated a range of samples for analysis and characterisation, including combustion ash and unburned char, cyclone ashes and deposits collected on ceramic probes and a slag panel. Characterisation of the samples enabled the combustion performance and slagging propensity of the coals to be assessed and ranked against that of a typical UK bituminous coal (Harworth).

Some of the coals would be unsuitable for UK boilers. Two coals from the US Powder River Basin had a high slagging and fouling potential, a high ash coal from India could give potential ash handling problems unless blended with a low ash coal, and a South African coal gave high NOx and high levels of unburned carbon. The remaining coals would be expected to give few operational problems.

The implications of burning a wider range of imported coals have been considered. Sales of boiler ashes to the construction market are an important consideration in the overall economics of coal-fired power generation. Several of the ashes with a high calcium content would be unlikely to meet current and anticipated specifications for use with cements and concrete.

Existing methods of coal and ash characterisation were found to be generally satisfactory in predicting the combustion performance of the coals burned at rig scale. The more advanced coal and ash characterisation techniques were found valuable in understanding the mineral transformations, the ash formation and ash deposition mechanisms.

This report contains an executive summary, and is divided into the following sections:

1. Introduction
2. Project Overview - Aims and Objectives - Activities
3. Coals and Minerals Chosen for the Project
4. Coal Combustion Characterisation
5. Generation and Characterisation of Ashes from Coal and Mineral Combinations
6. Mineral Transformations and Ash Formation Processes
7. Ash Particle Interactions and Transformations
8. Implications of Findings for Power Station Performance
9. Ash Sales and Ash Disposal
10. Conclusions
11. Further Work
12. References

Objectives of project:

To develop self-illuminated video (SIV) and image analysis techniques to identify adverse combustion conditions in utility PF boilers.

To provide a number of quantifiable parameters from video images which can be used to evaluate flame stability and combustion.

To develop PC software to transfer key parameters to existing data logging systems in real-time.

To develop systems to transmit and integrate video data from a number of cameras, under actual boiler plant conditions.

To determine optimum video probe designs and locations for quantitative SIV on utility boilers.

This report is divided into the following sections:

1. Technical Background
2. Project Objectives and Achievements
3. Techniques and Results
4. Conclusions and Future Work

This project is a study by Loughborough University to develop business cases and routes to commercialisation for community energy schemes with storage. This includes consideration of the advantages of community energy schemes utilising storage including security of supply, grid support and the cost of energy vs potential barriers.

This final report summarises the work completed during the project to develop and demonstrate business case opportunities for community energy schemes with storage.

This study explores the potential for energy storage to contribute to the delivery of resilient, low carbon and cost effective community-scale energy systems in order to provide insights for a range of stakeholders, including project developers, investors, policy makers and community organisations. The work involves an integrated analysis of a number of candidate community-scale energy business models comprising both electrical and thermal energy storage, and the roles of key stakeholders involved in financing, delivering and operating such projects. It also includes the results of techno-economic modelling carried out for a range of technical platforms comprising embedded energy generation technologies utilised together with electrical and thermal energy storage systems. The insights provided are intended to underpin decision making in policy development, investment planning and project delivery as part of the UK’s journey towards a cost-effective low-carbon energy infrastructure.

The Condition Monitoring project was led by Moog Insensys and included Romax, SeeByte, the University of Strathclyde, E.ON and EDF. It looked towards developing an intelligent integrated, predictive, condition monitoring package for wind turbines, which improves reliability, increasing availability by reducing downtime by up to 20% and leading to potential savings of 6,000 per turbine.

The InFLOW project was initiated to develop an holistic, predictive condition monitoring system. This was seen to be distinct from conventional condition monitoring systems (CMS) in that it did not restrict itself to a single technology, but brought together a range of sensing technologies and available turbine data to generate holistic diagnostics and real-time damage modelling to provide prognostic information relating to the life used on various parts of the turbine. It was shown that therewere significant savings to be made by optimising the inspection and maintenance regimes for off-shore turbines, in large part due to the expense of jack-up barges with weather defined access constraints

Conclusions:

• The application of holistic relational models has been applied for the first time in wind turbines across a wide dataset.This capability shows promise to codify expert knowledge but would require further development and validation.
• The use of prognostic damage models provides additional information to support inspection and maintenance optimisation. However, there is a need to build more experience with these models.
• The introduction of SCADA fault algorithms into the system reflects current thinking in wind turbine fleets, and the models produced represent advanced examples of what can be achieved. These real time algorithms can be implemented in the control system or a data historian.

The ETI has engaged Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM) to identify the opportunity for the development of innovative solutions for the collection of electrical energy from individual and multiple offshore renewable energy farms, and the transportation of bulk electrical energy from these offshore farms to the onshore power system. The study comprises four main tasks :

1. Offshore renewable scenarios – to define the timeline of the expected volumes of offshore renewable generation capacities
2. State of the art of offshore network technologies – establishment of the current state of the art of offshore network technologies and their prospective future development path
3. Analysis at individual farm level – identification of the challenges and resultant technology opportunities from connection of individual large-scale offshore wind or marine energy farms to the UKgrid system, and recommendations for connection solutions for investigation.
4. Analysis at multiple farm level – evaluation of the optimal architecture(s) that could be developed to collect, manage and transmit back to shore the electrical energy produced by multiple, large-scale offshore renewable energy farms.

This report identifies and assesses options for intra-array and export network architectures for the connection of individual offshore renewable energy farms. It also describes the associated challenges and technology development opportunities (to augment those in the Technology Report). Section 5 summarises the conclusions regarding optimum architectures, issues of control and compliance with electricity system standards, and technology development opportunities. Appendix C also includes key analysis of harmonic and fault ride-through performance

The purpose of this report is to present the analysis performed at individual farm level and the identification of the challenges and resultant technology opportunities (based on the state of the art review) that could arise in respect of the connection of individual large-scale offshore wind or marine energy farms to the UK grid system, and provision of recommendations for connection solutions worthy of further development and analysis in subsequent projects.

The report includes:

• Description of the approach taken towards the modelling activities, the models developed, the software tools utilised, an overview of the studies performed (including performance, high level impact on the onshore system), details of the raw inputs and outputs of the studies, and an interpretation of these outputs. ?
• Methodologies for the optimal design and selection of the electrical infrastructure for individual offshore renewable energy farms, both for connections within a farm and for connections to the onshore system. This includes comments for potential new grid connection specifications relating to these infrastructure approaches and proposals for new and/or revised Grid Code requirements.
• ?Control system implications of the selected individual offshore renewable energy farm configurations.
• ?Preliminary comparative economic assessments of the connection of individual offshore renewable energy farms into the onshore UK grid. Data used has predominately been derived from previous1SKM studies for the ETI. Where new assumptions are made these are included in this report. ?
• Specific architectures from the scenarios report and the state of the Art Technology reports were considered together with some additional ideas such as polyphase systems and storage solutions. ?
• Further recommendations of the technology development opportunities for ETI.

The ETI has engaged Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM) to identify the opportunity for the development of innovative solutions for the collection of electrical energy from individual and multiple offshore renewable energy farms, and the transportation of bulk electrical energy from these offshore farms to the onshore power system. The study comprises four main tasks :

1. Offshore renewable scenarios - to define the timeline of the expected volumes of offshore renewable generation capacities
2. State of the art of offshore network technologies - establishment of the current state of the art of offshore network technologies and their prospective future development path
3. Analysis at individual farm level - identification of the challenges and resultant technology opportunities from connection of individual large-scale offshore wind or marine energy farms to the UKgrid system, and recommendations for connection solutions for investigation.
4. Analysis at multiple farm level - evaluation of the optimal architecture(s) that could be developed to collect, manage and transmit back to shore the electrical energy produced by multiple, large-scale offshore renewable energy farms.

Building on the Individual Connection Report (with which this report should be read), the report identifies and assesses options for network architectures for the connection of multiple offshore renewable energy farms - to shore and to each other. Again, it describes the associated challenges and technology development opportunities (to augment those in the earlier reports).

The designs investigated indicate that where a single HVDC connection is possible, it is the most financially attractive due to the significant capital cost saving over the installation of a second HVDC link. Switched DC arrangements show potential for savings; however, this would hinge on the energy markets and development of VSC converters. It is expected that a single HVDC connection is unlikely to increase beyond 2000MW due to both technical and SQSS limitations; however, interconnecting HVDC offshore nodes at either HVDC or AC provides revenue savings which outweigh the additional capital expenditure. The saving offered by interconnections increases with distance from shore.

For high capacity AC connections, there are inherently a high number of connection circuits, providing high availability and thus making interconnection or multi-terminal designs unattractive. Further, a reduction of export capacity significant enough to impact on capex is likely to result in an increase in lost revenue which makes the option unattractive.

By its nature tidal generation is close to shore where it has been shown that multi-terminal is less attractive due to the short connection distance. Wave generation further from shore has shown to be more attractive for multi-terminal application. There was a marked difference between small capacity developments close to shore and larger capacity developments further from shore. Close to shore multi-terminal is not financially attractive due to the very short connection distance, however further from shore multi-terminal is clearly the preferred option due to significant capex savings.

Gas Insulated Lines (GIL) has been shown to potentially have a very low availability which would make it an unacceptable design option and as such we would not recommend significant investment in that area. Further the very high capacity of the connection would cause significant impact to the onshore grid, it may be necessary to split the connection onshore to spread the impact over a larger area at increased cost. This issue is not expected to arise with AC or HVDC as the individual connections are of reasonable capacities.

Combined national/international interconnectors with offshore farm connections have been shown to be potentially attractive, and as such may warrant further study. As previously identified for HVDC multi-terminal systems, HVDC switchgear and control solutions would be required for such national and international interconnector arrangements.

The ETI has engaged Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM) to identify the opportunity for the development of innovative solutions for the collection of electrical energy from individual and multiple offshore renewable energy farms, and the transportation of bulk electrical energy from these offshore farms to the onshore power system. The study comprises four main tasks :

1. Offshore renewable scenarios – to define the timeline of the expected volumes of offshore renewable generation capacities
2. State of the art of offshore network technologies – establishment of the current state of the art of offshore network technologies and their prospective future development path
3. Analysis at individual farm level – identification of the challenges and resultant technology opportunities from connection of individual large-scale offshore wind or marine energy farms to the UKgrid system, and recommendations for connection solutions for investigation.
4. Analysis at multiple farm level – evaluation of the optimal architecture(s) that could be developed to collect, manage and transmit back to shore the electrical energy produced by multiple, large-scale offshore renewable energy farms.

This defines appropriate scenarios of offshore generation farm type, volume, timescale and technical characteristics.The UK has considerable offshore wind, wave and tidal energy resource potential. It has been estimated that the UK’s offshore renewable resource includes an offshore wind potential of 70 GW, 21 GW of wave and 7.5 GW of tidal stream. However, although the UK’s ‘ultimate probable’ offshore renewable resource is large, the ‘economically recoverable’ offshore renewable resource, based on what could reasonably be expected to be recovered, is considerably less.

We have generated two long-term scenarios to assess the UK’s economically recoverable offshore renewable resource. ?The first looks at a ‘low’ overall renewable development out to 2050. ?The second looks at a ‘high’ overall renewable strategy out to 2050. We assess the two scenarios over the period to 2020 (short term), 2030 (medium term) and finally out to 2050 (long term). Seven cases were considered in detail:

• Distributed Smaller Windfarms
• Large Windfarms
• Very Large Windfarms
• Small Marine (tidal and wave)
• Medium Wave
• Large Tidal
• Combined Tidal and Wind

Wind generation has been given priority due to the current and expected dominance of wind generation over the other marine technologies up to 2050

The ETI has engaged Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM) to identify the opportunity for the development of innovative solutions for the collection of electrical energy from individual and multiple offshore renewable energy farms, and the transportation of bulk electrical energy from these offshore farms to the onshore power system. The study comprises four main tasks :

1. Offshore renewable scenarios - to define the timeline of the expected volumes of offshore renewable generation capacities
2. State of the art of offshore network technologies - establishment of the current state of the art of offshore network technologies and their prospective future development path
3. Analysis at individual farm level - identification of the challenges and resultant technology opportunities from connection of individual large-scale offshore wind or marine energy farms to the UK grid system, and recommendations for connection solutions for investigation.
4. Analysis at multiple farm level - evaluation of the optimal architecture(s) that could be developed to collect, manage and transmit back to shore the electrical energy produced by multiple, large-scale offshore renewable energy farms.

This report describes the technologies which could be deployed in offshore networks for the collection and export of paths for each technology, and assesses barriers to such development.

• There were two main primary areas of focus for offshore network technologies:.
  1. Submarine cable systems - critical to the development of networks because they contribute such a significant element in terms of project cost, risk and technology developments and also impact on the optimisation of system architectures.
  2. HVDC systems utilising technology which currently exists are able to be applied to support the development of offshore renewables for projects which are growing in size, complexity and connection distance
• Interoperability and control issues and barriers to integration of technologies from different suppliers were not seen as significant.
• Major bottlenecks in the supply chain over the next 30 years - excluding those linked to wind turbines, the major constraint identified was that of subsea cables, where there is no UK subsea cable manufacturing capability.
• Technology Opportunities where ETI could focus future research:
  • HVDC voltage standardisation
  • HVDC circuit breakers
  • HVDC multi-terminal control standardisation
  • HVAC collector voltage optimisation studies
  • Offshore cable reliability and repair improvements
  • Pilot projects to connect small generation sized units using direct DC connections
  • Alternative technologies for production of higher voltage power electronic devices
  • Alternatives to replace HVAC export cables
  • Offshore platform design including standardisation on approach for fire protection.
  • Marinisation of offshore connection equipment

The delivery of consumer energy requirements is a key focus of the Smart Systems and Heat Programme. The Consumer Response and Behavior Project will identify consumer requirements and predict consumer response to Smart Energy System proposals, providing a consumer focus for the other Work Areas. This project involved thousands of respondents providing insight into consumer requirements for heat and energy services, both now and in the future. Particular focus was given to identifying the behaviour that leads people to consume energy - in particular heat and hot water. This £3m project was led by PRP Architects, experts in the built environment. It involved a consortium of academia and industry - UCL Energy Institute, Frontier Economics, The Technology Partnership, The Peabody Trust, National Centre for Social Research and Hitachi Europe

This report combines the two Deliverables: D5.4(iii) In-Home Monitoring Technical Report and D5.10(ii) Health and Safety Good Practice Report into one

Environmental monitoring (the use of technology to automatically record physical, measurable conditions – e.g. temperature, relative humidity, energy consumption, etc.) has been a common part of research into energy use in buildings over recent years, used particularly to record the energy performance and environmental conditions. However, monitoring devices are now increasingly being employed alongside social research methods to assist a better understanding of the way occupants behave in a building and how they interact with their energy systems. This report draws out the lessons learnt from these emerging activities, discusses the design challenges and value of delivering an environmental monitoring project and focusses in some detail on the many practicalities that need to be considered for the successful implementation of environmental monitoring in homes.

Two projects were examined for this report:

1. 30 Homes – a longitudinal (year long) study of 30 homes in Yorkshire, Manchester, Norfolk and London.
2. HEMS Field Trial – a three-month study of 12 homes in London to consider the ease of installation and participants’ adaptability to two different smart heating control systems

The following conclusions could be drawn:

• Participant retention – one of the most important successes of both projects has been the positive relationships formed with the participants and their retention. This was because of
  • Open and effective communication
  • Clear agreements
  • Small teams assigned to each participant
  • Customer care and remuneration
  • Recruitment through other activities
• Logistics - implementation of effective procedures, forms and records by a dedicated project management team guaranteedsmooth running of the project.
• Health and safety best practice – robust health and safety procedures, installation guidance, well-rehearsed incident protocol, training of staff and provision of safety documentation for participants ensured that the team was always equipped to work safely and participants were never at risk
• Data protection – a detailed data protection protocol for the wider project informed the design of a robust system for maintaining anonymity of participants for any purpose other than direct contact, ensuring secure management of personal data further built trust between the participants and the project team.
• Engagement with suppliers and manufacturers – effective engagement with the manufacturers and suppliers of equipment ensured that stock levels and lead-in times were never an issue; problems that arose were quickly solved.
• Forensic analysis – integrated data analysis / interview preparation meetings (researcher, analyst, surveyor, etc.) synthesising data insights with social and technical insights.
• Data analysis – building an understanding of the conditions and behaviour within the monitored homes; and identifying whether occupants were correctly reporting their energy use behaviours. In addition data from all the homes (although the samples were small) was aggregated and cross-compared helping to provide hints of patterns across the stock.

There are a number of challenges and practicalities to be considered in the preparation and for the successful implementation of an environmental monitoring project in domestic properties

• Ensuring a dequate lead-in time
• Defining the Research Aims
• Establishing the Monitoring Brief
• Intellectual Property (IP)
• What could not be monitored
• Remote or in-situ data downloads
• Health and Safety – a single incident could jeopardise both the future of the project and the reputation of ETI
• Participant acceptability
• Managing additional visits
• Appointments / logistics
• Data Management

What ought to be done differently in future, and considerations for scaling up are also addressed.

This report was prepared for the ETI by the consortium that delivered the project in 2013 and whose contents may be out of date and may not represent current thinking.

The delivery of consumer energy requirements is a key focus of the Smart Systems and Heat Programme. The Consumer Response and Behavior Project will identify consumer requirements and predict consumer response to Smart Energy System proposals, providing a consumer focus for the other Work Areas. This project involved thousands of respondents providing insight into consumer requirements for heat and energy services, both now and in the future. Particular focus was given to identifying the behaviour that leads people to consume energy - in particular heat and hot water. This £3m project was led by PRP Architects, experts in the built environment. It involved a consortium of academia and industry - UCL Energy Institute, Frontier Economics, The Technology Partnership, The Peabody Trust, National Centre for Social Research and Hitachi Europe

The objective of this piece of work was to identify the key external factors that are expected to impact energy-related consumer behaviour in the period leading up to 2050 and provide an assessment of how these external factors are likely to impact people’s needs and behaviours. Based on this assessment the consortium developed a number of scenarios for how these key factors may change and evolve to 2050, and then provided an analysis of the expected impact of these external factors on consumer needs and behaviour, under the different scenarios identified.

The scenarios explored have provided sufficiently different worlds,useful in creating solution scenarios applicable in a wide range of circumstances.

One of the key differences is whether or not a solution will require policy intervention or if it will be market-driven through high consumer demand. Without strong policy, solutions will need to be made more attractive to convince consumers to invest in them.

The other central concern is whether technological progress will be sufficiently advanced in 2050 in order to replace current low carbon technologies. Future solutions will otherwise need to consider how carbon targets will be met with conventional technologies, and how continued high costs would affect consumer acceptability.

While the scenarios suggest these two worlds are mutually exclusive, a future world is likely to be more fluid, with a mix of policy and market involvement, which will help to promote low carbon technologies and energy-efficient behaviour. As such, the scenarios presented here may be considered more extreme than reality in 2050, but it is worthwhile considering these extremes in order to ensure solution scenarios are sufficiently future-proofed.

It is also clear from the scenarios that there is a place for retrofit in all four future worlds, although the size of that role will depend on the scenario.

Overall, the team concluded that there are three external factors in addition to technological innovation, government policyand consumer willingnessthat will significantly influence the shape of the world in 2050, and the success of a smart heat and energy system. We have identified these as follows.

• Income: Regardless of government involvement, many low carbon technologies will require consumer investment. The scenarios have not considered a fall in income, as existing literature suggests that the average income per person will continue to rise overall to 2050. However, the rate of this change is unclear, as is the relative amount of disposable income per person. The amount of disposable income will highly influence uptake.
• Fuel Prices: Energy bills are a consumer’s primary interaction with the wider energy industry, and provide a sense of their impact in a tangible way. The degree to which fuel prices increase will put increasing pressure on the consumer, having a direct impact on demand.
• Climate Change: As extreme weather events continue to become more prominent and highly publicised, the public’s need for energy security is expected to increase. The speed at which the impacts of climate change take place will influence the rate of change in energy behaviour

This report was prepared for the ETI by the consortium that delivered the project in 2013 and whose contents may be out of date and may not represent current thinking.

The delivery of consumer energy requirements is a key focus of the Smart Systems and Heat Programme. The Consumer Response and Behavior Project will identify consumer requirements and predict consumer response to Smart Energy System proposals, providing a consumer focus for the other Work Areas. This project involved thousands of respondents providing insight into consumer requirements for heat and energy services, both now and in the future. Particular focus was given to identifying the behaviour that leads people to consume energy - in particular heat and hot water. This �3m project was led by PRP Architects, experts in the built environment. It involved a consortium of academia and industry - UCL Energy Institute, Frontier Economics, The Technology Partnership, The Peabody Trust, National Centre for Social Research and Hitachi Europe

The delivery of consumer energy requirements is a key focus of the Smart Systems and Heat Programme. This project will identify consumer needs and behaviours relating to heat and provide insights into consumer response to Smart Energy System proposals, providing a consumer focus for the other Work Areas.�

This literature review was carried out to aid in the understanding of existing research within this field

This report was prepared for the ETI by the consortium that delivered the project in 2013, and its contents may be out of date and may not represent current thinking.

The delivery of consumer energy requirements is a key focus of the Smart Systems and Heat Programme. The Consumer Response and Behaviour Project will identify consumer requirements and predict consumer response to Smart Energy System proposals, providing a consumer focus for the other Work Areas. This project involved thousands of respondents providing insight into consumer requirements for heat and energy services, both now and in the future. Particular focus was given to identifying the behaviour that leads people to consume energy - in particular heat and hot water. This £3m project was led by PRP Architects, experts in the built environment. It involved a consortium of academia and industry - UCL Energy Institute, Frontier Economics, The Technology Partnership, The Peabody Trust, National Centre for Social Research and Hitachi Europe

This report aims to map the range and diversity of heat energy needs and behaviour of domestic consumers in the UK. Drawing on a multi-faceted project of primary consumer research, it also presents an emerging framework for understanding why consumers behave as they do, and how and why these needs and behaviours vary across the population. This study represents one of the first systematic attempts to understand heat energy behaviour in terms of what people are trying to achieve. For the purposes of this report, therefore, we have adopted a broad definition of needs.

Heat energy needs are understood here as what people are aiming to achieve through using heat energy or things they achieve as a consequence of using heat energy. Our aim here is to make it easier to comprehend the full diversity and complexity of needs that exist within the general population and select categories that help us understand why households have different priorities. The four categories of needs are as follows:

• Health and wellbeing
• Resources e.g. finances, waste
• Agency - the capacity and willingness of a person to act independently and make choices
• Relational dynamics - the social relationship between the individual or household and others, including the wider world

Based on which of these factors are in operation, any given household can be classified as one of three 'types', each characterised by a distinct combination and prioritisation of the four needs categories.

• YOU - decisions made on the basis of the needs of a dependent individual;
• US - decisions made on the basis of needs of multiple household members;
• ME - decisions made on the basis of the self-interest of individuals.

This has enabled us to devise a framework which can be used by other work packages in this project to identify where efforts should be focused, to design and implement smart energy systems in a way that is informed by a detailed understanding of the needs and priorities of different types of household.

This report was prepared for the ETI by the consortium that delivered the project in 2013 and whose contents may be out of date and may not represent current thinking.

The delivery of consumer energy requirements is a key focus of the Smart Systems and Heat Programme. The Consumer Response and Behavior Project will identify consumer requirements and predict consumer response to Smart Energy System proposals, providing a consumer focus for the other Work Areas. This project involved thousands of respondents providing insight into consumer requirements for heat and energy services, both now and in the future. Particular focus was given to identifying the behaviour that leads people to consume energy - in particular heat and hot water. This �3m project was led by PRP Architects, experts in the built environment. It involved a consortium of academia and industry - UCL Energy Institute, Frontier Economics, The Technology Partnership, The Peabody Trust, National Centre for Social Research and Hitachi Europe

This presentation was an interimoutputs which set out the approach taken, and proposed the segmentation to be used in the pilot study. This provisional segmentation was reviewed and refined through the project, and a final segmentation report was produced in 2013.. It covers:

• What segmentation is
• Approaches to segmentation (using an existing segmentation, creating a new one, or a hybrid of the two)
• Attributes as drivers and moderators
• The provisional segmentation
• What the segments will be used for
• Limitaitons etc
• Conclusions
  • A segmentation has been proposed that meets project needs
  • The segmentation can evolve based on data from field research
  • The segmentation encompasses the majority of the current and future UK population

This report was prepared for the ETI by the consortium that delivered the project in 2013 and whose contents may be out of date and may not represent current thinking.

The delivery of consumer energy requirements is a key focus of the Smart Systems and Heat Programme. The Consumer Response and Behavior Project will identify consumer requirements and predict consumer response to Smart Energy System proposals, providing a consumer focus for the other Work Areas. This project involved thousands of respondents providing insight into consumer requirements for heat and energy services, both now and in the future. Particular focus was given to identifying the behaviour that leads people to consume energy - in particular heat and hot water. This �3m project was led by PRP Architects, experts in the built environment. It involved a consortium of academia and industry - UCL Energy Institute, Frontier Economics, The Technology Partnership, The Peabody Trust, National Centre for Social Research and Hitachi Europe

This study, conducted as part ofthe Consumer Response and Behaviour project, comprised a quantitative social survey of 2,313 British households which took place in January and February 2014. A quota sampling approach was followed to generate a nationally representative sample, with quotas set on tenure, property type and the presence of children. Respondents completed a face-to-face interview lasting around an hour in which they answered questions relating to their facilities for heating, cooling and hot water, their heat energy needs and their behaviour in relation to use of heat energy. Crucially, respondents completed a card sort exercise in which they organised a range of pre-defined heat energy needs into factors that had big, small or no influences on their heat energy behaviour. The items on the cards were informed by a literature review and qualitative research. Where respondents consented (89% of cases), interviewers conducted observations of the heating and hot water systems and physical features of the property. Respondents were given a paper self-completion questionnaire (covering mainly their recent and desired renovation activities); 78% of respondents returned the self-completion questionnaire.

Conclusions are drawn in answer to the following:

• Heat energy needs
• Heating the home and keeping warm
• What do people do to keep warm?
• Keeping cool
• Heating water and using hot water
• Heat energy solutions
• A technical appendix contains supporting information on sampling , questionnaire design, briefings, fieldwork, editing and coding, data weighting, and analysis and reporting.

This report was prepared for the ETI by the consortium that delivered the project in 2013 and whose contents may be out of date and may not represent current thinking

The delivery of consumer energy requirements is a key focus of the Smart Systems and Heat Programme. The Consumer Response and Behavior Project will identify consumer requirements and predict consumer response to Smart Energy System proposals, providing a consumer focus for the other Work Areas. This project involved thousands of respondents providing insight into consumer requirements for heat and energy services, both now and in the future. Particular focus was given to identifying the behaviour that leads people to consume energy - in particular heat and hot water. This �3m project was led by PRP Architects, experts in the built environment. It involved a consortium of academia and industry - UCL Energy Institute, Frontier Economics, The Technology Partnership, The Peabody Trust, National Centre for Social Research and Hitachi Europe

This report seeks to synthesise evidence from across the different strands of the Consumer Response and Behaviour project in order to improve our understanding of how consumers currently use solutions for heating and cooling the home, and for providing hot water, and how consumers might respond to different characteristics of future smart energy solutions. Evidence is drawn from the full range of sources across the project, including existing literature, qualitative field research and quantitative survey data.
The report covers the following areas, with a needs-focussed summary for each:

• What is a Smart Energy Solution?
• The Baseline Perspective
  • How important is heat to consumers?
  • Are consumers willing to change their system?
  • How can solutions better appeal to consumers?
• Controls and Feedback
• Heat Delivery and Localised Heat
  • Radiators
  • Storage Heaters
  • Underfloor Heating
  • Warm/Forced Air
  • Secondary and other localised heat
  • Body heat retentionary
• Centralised Heat Generation
  • Heat Pumps
  • Communal Heating
• Hot Water
  • What Do People Want From Hot Water?
  • On-demand Hot Water
  • Stored Hot Water
  • Needs-Focussed Summary
• Cooling and Ventilation
  • The Importance of Cooling and Ventilation
  • Active Cooling
  • Natural Ventilation
  • Mechanical Ventilation
  • Portable Ventilation/Cooling
• Insulation and Building Fabric Improvements
  • Insulation Solutions
  • Glazing Solutions
  • Preserving Appearance
• Installation Process
  • Current Approaches to Home Improvements
  • Building Improvements Into Existing Plans
  • Whole-House Approach .
  • Reducing Hassle
• Advice
  • Advice on current system
  • Advice on potential upgrades
  • Building MOT
• Paying for Energy
  • Current payment models
  • 'Paying for Comfort'
  • Communal and Community Energy
• Consumer-led Solution Evaluation and Design
• Appendix A - Large Size Assessment Tables

This report was prepared for the ETI by the consortium that delivered the project in 2013 and whose contents may be out of date and may not represent current thinking.

The delivery of consumer energy requirements is a key focus of the Smart Systems and Heat Programme. The Consumer Response and Behavior Project will identify consumer requirements and predict consumer response to Smart Energy System proposals, providing a consumer focus for the other Work Areas. This project involved thousands of respondents providing insight into consumer requirements for heat and energy services, both now and in the future. Particular focus was given to identifying the behaviour that leads people to consume energy - in particular heat and hot water. This �3m project was led by PRP Architects, experts in the built environment. It involved a consortium of academia and industry - UCL Energy Institute, Frontier Economics, The Technology Partnership, The Peabody Trust, National Centre for Social Research and Hitachi Europe

Work Package 5.5 concerns the initial creation of smart energy concepts (solution scenarios) to be tested with consumers in forthcoming consumer research. These concepts are based on previous Work Area 5 project work including qualitative workshops, in-home interviews and literature review. For the purpose of this Work Package, a solution scenario is defined as a technology or integrated system of technologies that meets one or more consumer needs and the supporting value chain elements that enable that technology or system to deliver a positive consumer experience. Therefore, a solution scenario concept could include consideration of:

• Financial support
• Data or IT infrastructure
• Physical infrastructure
• Supply chain
• Legislation
• Education, training and skills
• Enabling products and tools
• Other stakeholders

The consortium created the following six concepts:

• Healthy Home HEMS
• Remote Zone HEMS
• Designer Retrofit
• Smarter Secondary Heating
• Complete Comfort
• Community Retrofit Pathways

Each solution scenario revealed elements that should be tested as part of forthcoming concept development work, unique to that solution scenario. However, a number of recurring themes emerged for multiple concepts that could be considered across these, and potentially other, concept:

• Payment - Who pays for the service (capital costs, ongoing costs, etc.) and what funding mechanisms would best suit the concept from a customer and commercial perspectives?
• Data Management and Protection - What data is essential for the delivery of the concept? Who needs to access and manipulate this data and how will this data be protected?
• Trust - How can customers be inspired to trust the concept interms of the technologies themselves, the parties responsible for delivering the concept and in the advice they receive throughout?
• Communication Channels - How will information be conveyed to the customer? From first contact through the life and usage of the system? Who will the messenger be? How will the concept be marketed?
• Cross-Tenure Appeal - How might the concept appeal to different tenures? What about to different customer types? What is the market size for the concept?

This report was prepared for the ETI by the consortium that delivered the project in 2013 and whose contents may be out of date and may not represent current thinking.

The delivery of consumer energy requirements is a key focus of the Smart Systems and Heat Programme. The Consumer Response and Behavior Project will identify consumer requirements and predict consumer response to Smart Energy System proposals, providing a consumer focus for the other Work Areas. This project involved thousands of respondents providing insight into consumer requirements for heat and energy services, both now and in the future. Particular focus was given to identifying the behaviour that leads people to consume energy - in particular heat and hot water. This £3m project was led by PRP Architects, experts in the built environment. It involved a consortium of academia and industry - UCL Energy Institute, Frontier Economics, The Technology Partnership, The Peabody Trust, National Centre for Social Research and Hitachi Europe

In this report, the project teamaim to draw together findings from different parts of the Energy Technology Institute’s two year Consumer Response and Behaviour programme. This programme aimed to better understand the needs, behaviours and attitudes of consumers in order to design more effective and more attractive solutions. It deployed a wide range of methods to help those designing new and compelling energy solutions. The report highlights the importance of considering a wider range of needs and benefits offered by solutions. The report covers:

• Heat and Humans
  • The UK Heat Landscape
  • The Challenge
  • Meeting the Challenge
• What do consumers need from heat?
  • What needs drive consumer use of heat?
  • What do consumers do to heat their homes, heat water and keep warm?
  • How do needs drive behaviours?
  • How do consumer behaviours impact energy consumption?
• How do we design better solutions?
  • What are the challenges?
  • How to improve uptake/generate demand?
  • What are the potential impacts of better solutions?
  • Implications for the market
• Appendix: Detailed Needs Linkages

This report was prepared for the ETI by the consortium that delivered the project in 2013 and whose contents may be out of date and may not represent current thinking.

The delivery of consumer energy requirements is a key focus of the Smart Systems and Heat Programme. The Consumer Response and Behavior Project will identify consumer requirements and predict consumer response to Smart Energy System proposals, providing a consumer focus for the other Work Areas. This project involved thousands of respondents providing insight into consumer requirements for heat and energy services, both now and in the future. Particular focus was given to identifying the behaviour that leads people to consume energy - in particular heat and hot water. This £3m project was led by PRP Architects, experts in the built environment. It involved a consortium of academia and industry - UCL Energy Institute, Frontier Economics, The Technology Partnership, The Peabody Trust, National Centre for Social Research and Hitachi Europe

This report presents insights developed through a multi-faceted project of qualitative consumer research, involving a diverse sample of 186 domestic consumers in the UK. The sample was purposively selected to represent the diversity of the general population in relation to key characteristics such as household composition, property type, income and heating type. Participants took part in a range of sequenced activities. Interactive workshops were designed to map the full range of heat energy needs and behaviours that exist in the general population. To understand these in more detail and in-situ, a subsequent longitudinal element of the study involved tracking the heat energy needs and behaviour among a cohort of 30 of the workshops’ participants over the course of a full year.

The deliverable also includes the 8 Case Studies as part of the supporting material for the qualitative research.

Key insights from the research are:

• People have wide-ranging needs that influence how they use heat energy in the home. But it appears that only a relatively small sub-set of these needs drive day-to-day, routine behaviours
• The needs that drive day-to-day, routine behaviours exist along a continuum of priority:some are fundamental needs, while other more peripheral and better described as ‘wants’. These peripheral needs only come into focus and become an influence on behaviour as people’s core needs are met sufficiently
• It is not only needs, however, that affect what people actually do. A dynamic and interacting set of household-level factors, encompassing people, property and systemaffect how and to what extent people are able to meet these needs, and which needs come into focus and influence behaviour
• People adopt complex control strategies to meet their needs. Some are highly sophisticated and considered, while others may be rudimentary and reflexive. They are also highly variable, given that people are working around a variable mix of people/property/system factors.
• What appears to remain constant across the population is that control strategies enable people to meet the aims (or fundamental needs) of comfort and health, while being prepared or required to make trade-offs in relation to the means (more peripheral needs, such as cost and convenience) by which they get there.
• People are extraordinarily adaptable yet highly resistant to change once they have developed a strategy that allows them to meet their basic health and comfort needs. They tend to make adaptations to their energy systems onlywhen there is a disruption to their normal flow of life that ‘pushes’ them to change.

This report was prepared for the ETI by the consortium that delivered the project in 2013 and whose contents may be out of date and may not represent current thinking.

The Consumer and Vehicles project looked at the potential long-term performance and cost of plug-in vehicles. It examined consumer reactions and behaviours in buying and using them. It explored supporting infrastructure, and included in-depth surveys with 3,000 consumers and real-world testing with 40 drivers

This report documents work carried out to identify consumer responses to plug-in vehicles, including battery electric vehicles and range extended/plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.

• Systematic review of the existing literature
• Qualitative interview data was collected from 11 long-term users of plug-in vehicles, 40 mainstream consumers (each of which were loaned a vehicle for around six days) and 20 fleet managers.
• These tasks informed a large-scale survey of mainstream consumers (2,729 responses) about their attitudes and opinions regarding plug-in vehicles.
• The resulting data was used to produce a segmentation of mainstream consumers, in terms of their likelihood of purchasing a plug-in vehicle and the various factors underlying this likelihood.
• Factors examined included
  • demographics,
  • attitudes towards perceived functional, instrumental, symbolic and affective characteristics of plug-in vehicles,
  • personality variables, and
  • reported responses to incentives.
• Alongside the survey of mainstream consumers, a choice experiment was implemented to test the complex trade-offs consumers make between factors (e.g. price, range, infrastructure availability, etc).

The Consumer and Vehicles project looked at the potential long-term performance and cost of plug-in vehicles. It examined consumer reactions and behaviours in buying and using them. It explored supporting infrastructure, and included in-depth surveys with 3,000 consumers and real-world testing with 40 drivers.

This is the first of two reports that accompany the Consumer Choice Model from the Consumers and Vehicles project.

This first report is about deriving the coefficients of consumer choice. It presents

• Overview of consumer choice modelling
• Design of the choice experiment
• Analysis of the results 
• Development of the coefficients of consumer choice for the model
• Key parameters of consumer choice are quantified against the eight market segments developed in the ‘Identification of Relevant Consumer Segments’ report. The key parameters presented quantify the effect various factors have on the price consumers are willing to pay for plug-in vehicles. These factors include:
  • availability of infrastructure,
  • vehicle acceleration,
  • electric range and
  • whether the choice is for a first or second car in the household.

The objective of the Consumers, Vehicles and Energy Integration project is to inform UK Government and European policy and to help shape energy and automotive industry products, propositions and investment strategies. Additionally, it aims to develop an integrated set of analytical tools that models future market scenarios in order to test the impact of future policy, industry and societal choices. The project is made up of two stages:

• Stage 1 aims to characterize market and policy frameworks, business propositions, and the integrated vehicle and energy infrastructure system and technologies best suited to enabling a cost-effective UK energy system for low-carbon vehicles, using the amalgamated analytical toolset.
•  Stage 2 aims to fill knowledge gaps and validate assumptions from Stage 1 through scientifically robust research, including real world trials with privatevehicle consumers and case studies with business fleets. A mainstream consumer uptake trial will be carried out to measure attitudes to PiVs after direct experience of them, and consumer charging trials will measure mainstream consumer PiV charging behaviours and responses to managed harging options

This report represents Deliverable D3.2, Battery State of Health Model. The purpose of this report is to describe the development and validation of an algorithm that quantifies battery ageing based on input parameters that can be either inferred from Electric Vehicle (EV) usage or measured on-board. A battery is assumed to reach its (automotive) end of life when its State of Health (SOH), defined as the ratio of its measured capacity to its capacity when new, decreases to 80%. Example outputs have been generated in order to show how the algorithm can be used to assess the impact ofdifferent levels of integration of EVs into the electricity grid on battery life (and thus vehicle economics). Note that the report does not aim to present a comprehensive analysis of all combinations (which can be carried out by model users), but rather to explain how the algorithm was developed. The work reported in this deliverable forms part of the “Vehicle Energy Management Systems and Technologies” work carried out in Stage 1 of the project. The separate spreadsheet (accompanying this report) provides more detail in the form of the Battery State of Health Model itself. It should be noted that the project team had difficulties delivering the full functionality specified for this deliverable. Consequently, this model provides a relatively high-level overview of battery degradation and state of health, which will be further developed during Stage 2 of the project.

The objective of the Consumers, Vehicles and Energy Integration project is to inform UK Government and European policy and to help shape energy and automotive industry products, propositions and investment strategies. Additionally, it aims to develop an integrated set of analytical tools that models future market scenarios in order to test the impact of future policy, industry and societal choices. The project is made up of two stages:

• Stage 1 aims to characterize market and policy frameworks, business propositions, and the integrated vehicle and energy infrastructure system and technologies best suited to enabling a cost-effective UK energy system for low-carbon vehicles, using the amalgamated analytical toolset.
• Stage 2 aims to fill knowledge gaps and validate assumptions from Stage 1 through scientifically robust research, including real world trials with private vehicle consumers and case studies with business fleets. A mainstream consumer uptake trial will be carried out to measure attitudes to PiVs after direct experience of them, and consumer charging trials will measure mainstream consumer PiV charging behaviours and responses to managed charging options

The first project deliverable, report D1.1 "Summary of Approach, Conceptual Design and Key Research Questions", sets out the analytical approach being taken to the identification and assessment of system options and the tool set being used. This second project deliverable, report D4.1 "Initial Analysis of Technology, Commercial and Market Building Blocks of Energy Infrastructure", sets out the detailed components of the framework. D4.1 comprises a report and spreadsheet. The two deliverables should be read in conjunction with each other. It should be noted that both of these reports were written for the purpose of facilitating agreement regarding the details of the approach and consequently they are quite complex. Other reports later in the project will present the information in a more accessible manner for people not closely involved with the work; those later reports are commended to the general reader as a more suitable starting point. Nevertheless, D1.1 and D4.1 are made available for completeness.

The purpose of this deliverable is to provide an initial:

• 'First principles' view of the key components or Building Blocks (BB) that need to be considered as part of understanding what technology/physical, actors/commercial, market/policy, and Customer Proposition structures are most effective to enable mass deployment and use of ULEVs, and their relative importance;
• Guide to structure the Analytical Framework, which will be created as part of deliverable D1.2. The aim is to focus the framework on areas of highest materiality, by specifying which key BBs should be considered as part of each Narrative which will be assessed within the Analytical Framework.

This report should be read in conjunction with the associated spreadsheet of the same title, and D1.1 (TR1006_D1.1) Summary of approach, conceptual design and key research questions. For each Dimension, the 'Key focus areas for the Analytical Framework' and the 'Areas for further research and development' in this document are replicated in D1.1, section 4.

The objective of the Consumers, Vehicles and Energy Integration project is to inform UK Government and European policy and to help shape energy and automotive industry products, propositions and investment strategies. Additionally, it aims to develop an integrated set of analytical tools that models future market scenarios in order to test the impact of future policy, industry and societal choices. The project is made up of two stages:

• Stage 1 aims to characterize market and policy frameworks, business propositions, and the integrated vehicle and energy infrastructure system and technologies best suited to enabling a cost-effective UK energy system for low- carbon vehicles, using the amalgamated analytical toolset.
• Stage 2 aims to fill knowledge gaps and validate assumptions from Stage 1 through scientifically robust research, including real world trials with private vehicle consumers and case studies with business fleets. A mainstream consumer uptake trial will be carried out to measure attitudes to PiVs after direct experience of them, and consumer charging trials will measure mainstream consumer PiV charging behaviours and responses to managed charging options.

This report represents Deliverable D6.1, Fleet Study Report. Little is known about the attitudes of Light Duty fleet operators to Plug-in Vehicle (PiV) adoption or PiV use; published research has been very limited. This report is intended to inform appropriate sensitivity analyses to be conducted in the Modelling and System Analysis work package (WP7), based on in-depth qualitative insights into the processes influencing vehicle choice, and likely charging profiles, in those categories of Fleets where PiV uptake could potentially have most impact on the wider energy system. The reportsummarises the methods employed and the findings from five individual case studies, and provides: a synthesis of insights gained across the case studies considered collectively; answers to the research questions defined in the Fleet Study design; and evidence-based conclusions from the Fleet Study with regard to how the findings have advanced understanding of Fleets, their potential impact on the energy system and integration into it (based on qualitative data), and therefore what the new state-of-the-art understanding of this area is.

The objective of the Consumers, Vehicles and Energy Integration project is to inform UK Government and European policy and to help shape energy and automotive industry products, propositions and investment strategies. Additionally, it aims to develop an integrated set of analytical tools that models future market scenarios in order to test the impact of future policy, industry and societal choices. The project is made up of two stages:

• Stage 1 aims to characterize market and policy frameworks, business propositions, and the integrated vehicle and energy infrastructure system and technologies best suited to enabling a cost-effective UK energy system for low- carbon vehicles, using the amalgamated analytical toolset.
• Stage 2 aims to fill knowledge gaps and validate assumptions from Stage 1 through scientifically robust research, including real world trials with private vehicle consumers and case studies with business fleets. A mainstream consumer uptake trial will be carried out to measure attitudes to PiVs after direct experience of them, and consumer charging trials will measure mainstream consumer PiV charging behaviours and responses to managed charging options.

This report represents Deliverable D5.1, Supplementary Details of Design, Materials and Management Arrangements for Consumer Trials. The purpose of this report is to supplement, and where relevant, update the information in the Stage 1 deliverable D1.4, providing all necessary additional details of the design of the Consumer Trials, the printed / electronic materials to be used with Trial Participants, and the management arrangements and detailed plans.

The Consumer Uptake Trial will provide high validity measures of attitudes towards adoption of PiVs by Mainstream Consumers who have had real-world experience of using a BEV and a PHEV. This will provide robust inputs to the Analytical Framework to allow more accurate prediction of the likely future uptake of PiVs by the Mass-Market, and the resulting impact on UK aggregated EV charging demand.The data collected will advance understanding of Mainstream Consumers’ willingness to adopt and will ensure that the outputs of modelling the uptake of PiVs are as valid as possible.

This report details the rationale, methodology, design and management arrangements that will be employed for the Consumer Uptake Trial.

The deliverable sets out the proposed method for the Uptake Trial, superseding the draft method set out in D1.4. The project team developed the trial’s experimental design, recruitment strategy, piloting procedure, research instruments, trial management procedures, datacollection and data analysis approach to set out a complete method for the Uptake Trial and subsequent output (Deliverable D5.2).

The objective of the Consumers, Vehicles and Energy Integration project is to inform UK Government and European policy and to help shape energy and automotive industry products, propositions and investment strategies. Additionally, it aims to develop an integrated set of analytical tools that models future market scenarios in order to test the impact of future policy, industry and societal choices. The project is made up of two stages:

• Stage 1 aims to characterize market and policy frameworks, business propositions, and the integrated vehicle and energy infrastructure system and technologies best suited to enabling a cost-effective UK energy system for low-carbon vehicles, using the amalgamated analytical toolset.
•  Stage 2 aims to fill knowledge gaps and validate assumptions from Stage 1 through scientifically robust research, including real world trials with privatevehicle consumers and case studies with business fleets. A mainstream consumer uptake trial will be carried out to measure attitudes to PiVs after direct experience of them, and consumer charging trials will measure mainstream consumer PiV charging behaviours and responses to managed harging options

This report represents Deliverable D1.1, Summary of Approach, Conceptual Design and Key Research Questions. The purpose of this report is to set out the analytical approach being taken to the identification and assessment of system options, and the tool set being used. This report should be read in conjunction with report D4.1, “Initial Analysis of Technology, Commercial and Market Building Blocks of Energy Infrastructure”, which sets out the detailed components of the framework. It should be noted that both of these reports (D1.1 and D4.1) were written for the purposeof facilitating agreement regarding the details of the approach and consequently they are quite complex. Other reports later in the project will present the information in a more accessible manner for people not closely involved with the work; those later reports are commended to the general reader as a more suitable starting point. Nevertheless, D1.1 and D4.1 are made available for completeness.

The overall purpose of Work Packages 1 and 4 is to provide a holistic,Multi Criteria Assessment (MCA) of what “good looks like” for successful mass deployment and useof ULEVs, and to help understand how effectively the choices fit together across the 4 overarching Dimensions that are being considered:

1. Customer Proposition(CP)–what the customer sees at the point interacting with a ULEV e.g. is the customer buying or leasing the vehicle
2. Physical SupplyChain(PSC)–the technologies and infrastructure required to deliver the vehicles and their energy requirements
3. Commercial Value Chain(CVC)–the commercial entities (and their business models) that sit across one or more parts of the PSC to collectively deliver the CP that the consumer sees –e.g. an electricity retail supplier
4. Market and Policy Framework (MPF)–Government intervention in the form of setting the overarching market framework for commercial entities (e.g. regulated monopolies for network infrastructure) or more direct policy intervention (e.g. in terms of taxes or subsidies on commercial entities or directly at the point of the consumer

This will be examined int terms of the following narratives, that will be assessed using the analytical framework, answering key questions specific to that narrative:

• OEM innovation
  • To what extent is incremental/organic improvement delivered primarily via OEMs, with limited Government support, sufficient to deliver mass uptake and use of ULEVs?
  • To what extent does this complicate the delivery of new large-scale supporting infrastructure, in particular with respect to the role of hydrogen?
• City led
  • What is the value of a partial shift towards delivering mobility as a service in urban areas where this appears more viable (e.g. in terms of requiring fewer vehicles with higher utilisation)?
• ULEV enabled
  • To what extent does a more coordinated, but technology neutral, push for ULEVs facilitate their uptake and use?
  • What are the additional costs and broader requirements for providing a meaningful hedge such that mass rollout of either PIVs and/or hydrogen vehicles could both be undertaken in the later stages of the pathway to 2050?
• Hydrogen push
  • How effective is a coordinated push towards hydrogen as the primary ULEV route, given that this mirrors many of the current aspects of the customer proposition (e.g. owning asset, no range issues, ‘hub’ refuelling) as current ICEs and liquid refuelling infrastructure?
  • Is this route materially more expensive compared to other Narratives (such as City-led and Transport on demand) which tend towards electric vehicles and where does this cost difference materialise (e.g. fuel production versus additional infrastructure), and how effectively does early coordinated action reduce these costs?
• Transport on demand
  • What is the value of a systemic, coordinated shift towards delivering mobility as a service, going significantly beyond that in the City-led Narrative (e.g. in terms of requiring fewer vehicles with higher utilisation)?
  • How significant are the implications likely to be for consumers as part of this shift and can the savings from better integrated services be used to compensate for any perceived or material reduction in an individual’s ‘transport utility’ (e.g. less convenience)?

The objective of the Consumers, Vehicles and Energy Integration project is to inform UK Government and European policy and to help shape energy and automotive industry products, propositions and investment strategies. Additionally, it aims to develop an integrated set of analytical tools that models future market scenarios in order to test the impact of future policy, industry and societal choices. The project is made up of two stages:

• Stage 1 aims to characterize market and policy frameworks, business propositions, and the integrated vehicle and energy infrastructure system and technologies best suited to enabling a cost-effective UK energy system for low-carbon vehicles, using the amalgamated analytical toolset.
• �Stage 2 aims to fill knowledge gaps and validate assumptions from Stage 1 through scientifically robust research, including real world trials with privatevehicle consumers and case studies with business fleets. A mainstream consumer uptake trial will be carried out to measure attitudes to PiVs after direct experience of them, and consumer charging trials will measure mainstream consumer PiV charging behaviours and responses to managed harging options

This report represents Deliverable D1.3, Market Design and System Integration. The purpose of this report is to illustrate structures that can facilitate efficient, mass-market, deployment and use of Ultra-Low Emission Vehicles (ULEV) and their integration into the energy system and to help inform the high level design parameters of the trial to be conducted in Stage 2 of the project. This document should be read in conjunction with the D4.2 Final Analysis of Technology, Commercial and Market Building Blocks for Energy Infrastructure Report, from WP4 as the information in D4.2 hasbeen used to inform the scope of analysis conducted in WP1a. From the review of evidence to date it was clear that there had been limited work undertaken to explore how mass-market roll-out and use of ULEVs could be facilitated when considering a more holistic assessment across the four key dimensions of the:

• Customer Proposition.
• Physical Supply Chain.
• Commercial Value Chain.
• Market and Policy Framework.

This report, in conjunction with the supporting D4.2 Final Analysis of Technology, Commercial and Market Building Blocks for Energy Infrastructure Report, has helped to fill this gap

The objective of the Consumers, Vehicles and Energy Integration project is to inform UK Government and European policy and to help shape energy and automotive industry products, propositions and investment strategies. Additionally, it aims to develop an integrated set of analytical tools that models future market scenarios in order to test the impact of future policy, industry and societal choices. The project is made up of two stages:

• Stage 1 aims to characterize market and policy frameworks, business propositions, and the integrated vehicle and energy infrastructure system and technologies best suited to enabling a cost-effective UK energy system for low-carbon vehicles, using the amalgamated analytical toolset.
• Stage 2 aims to fill knowledge gaps and validate assumptions from Stage 1 through scientifically robust research, including real world trials with private vehicle consumers and case studies with business fleets. A mainstream consumer uptake trial will be carried out to measure attitudes to PiVs after direct experience of them, and consumer charging trials will measure mainstream consumer PiV charging behaviours and responses to managed harging options

This report represents Deliverable D1.3, Market Design and System Integration. The purpose of this report is to illustrate structures that can facilitate efficient, mass-market, deployment and use of Ultra-Low Emission Vehicles (ULEV) and their integration into the energy system and to help inform the high level design parameters of the trial to be conducted in Stage 2 of the project. This document should be read in conjunction with the D4.2 Final Analysis of Technology, Commercial and Market Building Blocks for Energy Infrastructure Report, from WP4 as the information in D4.2 has been used to inform the scope of analysis conducted in WP1a. From the review of evidence to date it was clear that there had been limited work undertaken to explore how mass-market roll-out and use of ULEVs could be facilitated when considering a more holistic assessment across the four key dimensions of the:

• Customer Proposition.
• Physical Supply Chain.
• Commercial Value Chain.
• Market and Policy Framework.

The analysis has been used to identify potential elements of a ‘good’ solution and to set these out on a roadmap. The roadmap gives broad timing guidelines both for when Government intervention is required and when key industry participants should act.

The individual elements of a ‘good’ solution have been categorised as follows:

• Essential – these actions have been clearly identified as good, and found tobe robust to different circumstances explored through the Sensitivity analysis. They are considered to be no or low regret actions.
• Desirable – actions for which a strong case exists and which are likely to have a positive impact under most circumstances. However, a failure to employ these actions is unlikely, by itself, to lead to a failure to achieve mass uptake and use of ULEVs. Additional evidence or reduced uncertainty may also be desired by individual actors before a decision to implement them.
• Provisional – an additional categorisation implying actions for which a positive case may exist, but for which the extent or timing of deployment is likely to depend on reduction of uncertainty in the basis of analysis. This may occur through the passing of time and, for example, realisation of outturn costs. It may alternatively occur through obtainment of additional or expanded evidence from trials or initial pilot scale deployment.

This report discusses the essential, desirable and provisional elements, along with a number of elements that are deemed to be ineffective or unnecessary in reaching a ‘good’ solution. The risks and barriers associated with the key elements of a ‘good’ solution were assessed qualitatively and taken into account in constructing the roadmap. Whilst the roadmap is forward looking, it does take today’s market and policy landscape as a starting point. Existing policies have primarily centred on reducing the upfront cost of ULEVs through the provisionof grants (Plug-in Car, Van, Motorcycle Grants), incentivising the installation of charging points, for example with match funding through the Plugged in Places scheme, and funding a range of innovative projects to support uptake in cities via the Go Ultra Low Cities scheme.

The implications for Stage 2 mainly concern the Customer Proposition - what will help drive ULEV uptake and use from the perspective of mainstream consumers, rather than ULEV innovators.

The elements that it would be useful to understand further through the trial are grouped into:

• To what extent users engage and how they respond to new electricity charging tariffs and what this means for charging behaviour, e.g.via some load shifting in response to ToU tariffs as part of User-Managed Charging, or more optimal load shifting through Supplier-Managed Charging.
• Indirect factors affecting the decision to purchase a ULEV over a conventional vehicle,such as uncertainty over the variability of costs of electricity charging at non-home locations, and other ‘components’ that were identified in the four keyareas but not quantified in Stage 1.
• An overarching lack of understanding about the conditions required to enable a shift towards mobility as a service (e.g. what level of financial compensation might be required for any perceived loss of convenience, status and how this varies across different consumer groups.)

The objective of the Consumers, Vehicles and Energy Integration project is to inform UK Government and European policy and to help shape energy and automotive industry products, propositions and investment strategies. Additionally, it aims to develop an integrated set of analytical tools that models future market scenarios in order to test the impact of future policy, industry and societal choices. The project is made up of two stages:

• Stage 1 aims to characterize market and policy frameworks, business propositions, and the integrated vehicle and energy infrastructure system and technologies best suited to enabling a cost-effective UK energy system for low-carbon vehicles, using the amalgamated analytical toolset.
• �Stage 2 aims to fill knowledge gaps and validate assumptions from Stage 1 through scientifically robust research, including real world trials with privatevehicle consumers and case studies with business fleets. A mainstream consumer uptake trial will be carried out to measure attitudes to PiVs after direct experience of them, and consumer charging trials will measure mainstream consumer PiV charging behaviours and responses to managed harging options

This report represents Deliverable 1.4: Stage 2 Trial Design, Methodology and Business Case. The purpose of this report is to communicate the proposed design of research activities to be conducted in Stage 2 of the project. There are six parts to this report:

• Part 1: Overview of Stage 2,
• Part 2: Consumer Uptake Trial,
• Part 3: Consumer Charging Trial,
• Part 4: Fleet Study,
• Part 5: Analytical Tool,
• Part 6: Commercial Submission.

Part 1 provides an overview of the work package and task structure of work to be completed in Stage 2of the CVEI project, together with the approach to health and safety, to data privacy and security management. In addition, the dissemination strategy is included, describing the approach for maximising the impact of the project outputs. The proposal for Stage 2 reflects collaborative development involving TRL, Baringa, Element Energy, Cenex, EV Connect, EDF, Behavioural Insights (BIT), Shell and the ETI. The detailed rationale and technical design of each element of the work are presented in Parts 2 to 5. Full details of the project timeline and costs were provided as Part 6 of this deliverable (Commercial Submission), but are not included in this document

The objective of the Consumers, Vehicles and Energy Integration project is to inform UK Government and European policy and to help shape energy and automotive industry products, propositions and investment strategies. Additionally, it aims to develop an integrated set of analytical tools that models future market scenarios in order to test the impact of future policy, industry and societal choices. The project is made up of two stages:

• Stage 1 aims to characterize market and policy frameworks, business propositions, and the integrated vehicle and energy infrastructure system and technologies best suited to enabling a cost-effective UK energy system for low-carbon vehicles, using the amalgamated analytical toolset.
• �Stage 2 aims to fill knowledge gaps and validate assumptions from Stage 1 through scientifically robust research, including real world trials with privatevehicle consumers and case studies with business fleets. A mainstream consumer uptake trial will be carried out to measure attitudes to PiVs after direct experience of them, and consumer charging trials will measure mainstream consumer PiV charging behaviours and responses to managed harging options

This report represents Deliverable 2.1, Consumer Attitudes and Behaviours. The purpose of this report is to provide

• understanding of consumer attitudes towards ULEV adoption including detail of existing and new barriers to adoption;
• to capture and discuss lessons learnt from previous consumer trials to identify risks and develop recommendations to mitigate the risks; and to
• qualitatively explore consumer attitudes to managed charging scenarios (with consumers who have experience of a BEV or PHEV).

Each chapter of this Report provides a summary of theoverall results from the individual research activities. These are collated into an overall key findings section within the report (Section 6). In the Executive Summary, only the key findings for input into other areas of the project are summarised.

The objective of the Consumers, Vehicles and Energy Integration project is to inform UK Government and European policy and to help shape energy and automotive industry products, propositions and investment strategies. Additionally, it aims to develop an integrated set of analytical tools that models future market scenarios in order to test the impact of future policy, industry and societal choices. The project is made up of two stages:

• Stage 1 aims to characterize market and policy frameworks, business propositions, and the integrated vehicle and energy infrastructure system and technologies best suited to enabling a cost-effective UK energy system for low-carbon vehicles, using the amalgamated analytical toolset.
• �Stage 2 aims to fill knowledge gaps and validate assumptions from Stage 1 through scientifically robust research, including real world trials with privatevehicle consumers and case studies with business fleets. A mainstream consumer uptake trial will be carried out to measure attitudes to PiVs after direct experience of them, and consumer charging trials will measure mainstream consumer PiV charging behaviours and responses to managed harging options

This report represents Deliverable D3.1, Battery Cost and Performance and Battery Management System Capability Report and Battery Database. The purpose of this report is capture the approach proposed to develop cost and performance projections for automotive batteries to 2050. A brief explanation of the battery components and working principles is provided before the overall data collection and modelling methodology are described. This is followed by a presentation of the cost and energy density projections for automotive battery packs. Several scenarios have been developed for usein the wider modelling framework of the CVEI project. The report also includes an assessment of Battery Management Systems (BMS), their current features and potential additional capabilities required to provide tighter integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into the electricity system.The separate spreadsheet(accompanying this report) provides more detail in the form of the Battery Cost and Performance Database.

The objective of the Consumers, Vehicles and Energy Integration project is to inform UK Government and European policy and to help shape energy and automotive industry products, propositions and investment strategies. Additionally, it aims to develop an integrated set of analytical tools that models future market scenarios in order to test the impact of future policy, industry and societal choices. The project is made up of two stages:

• Stage 1 aims to characterize market and policy frameworks, business propositions, and the integrated vehicle and energy infrastructure system and technologies best suited to enabling a cost-effective UK energy system for low-carbon vehicles, using the amalgamated analytical toolset.
•  Stage 2 aims to fill knowledge gaps and validate assumptions from Stage 1 through scientifically robust research, including real world trials with privatevehicle consumers and case studies with business fleets. A mainstream consumer uptake trial will be carried out to measure attitudes to PiVs after direct experience of them, and consumer charging trials will measure mainstream consumer PiV charging behaviours and responses to managed harging options

This report represents Deliverable D4.2, Final Analysis of Technology, Commercial and Market Building Blocks for Energy Infrastructure. The purpose of this report is to provide:

• A ‘first principles’ view of the key components or Building Blocks (BB) that are considered as part of understanding what technology/physical, actors/commercial, market/policy, and Customer Proposition structures are most effective in enabling mass deployment and use of ULEVs, and their relative importance.
• A systematic allocation of the BBs to the Narratives, in such a way as tofocus the framework on the areas of highest materiality, providing the basis for the analysis reported in the separate D1.3 Market Design and System Integration Report.

The separate spreadsheet (accompanying this report) provides more details of the building blocks themselves.

In order to examine the corrosive effects of co-firing biomass with coal in existing subcritical and possible future (ultra) supercritical boilers, typical and potential boiler tube alloys have been exposed to simulated furnace wall and superheater/reheater environments in the 1MWTH pulverised coal fired Combustion Test Facility (CTF) at Power Technology. A total of four CTF runs have been completed, each of which were nominally of 50 hours duration. Up to 15 furnace wall and 16 superheater/reheater steel alloy specimens were exposed to a range of metal temperatures, with differing heat fluxes and gaseous environments, representative of pulverised coal combustion under low NO_x conditions with biomass additions. The biomass fuels were co-fired with Daw Mill coal, furnace wall corrosion specimens having previously been tested without biomass additions in this environment, providing base line corrosion data for comparison. Numerous previous tests with coals provided baseline data for superheater/reheater corrosion rates. Biomass was fired at both 20% and 10% on a thermal basis, representing proportions significantly above and close to the maximum proportions expected to be utilised in actual plant, enabling examination of concentration effects. The specimens were exposed to the combustion environment on air-cooled, precision metrology, corrosion probes.

When co-firing with wood at both 20% and 10% on a thermal basis, there was no discernable worsening of either furnace wall or superheater/reheater corrosion when compared with firing coal alone. Whilst there was no comparable data for TP316 austenitic stainless steel superheater/reheater specimens, the measured corrosion rates were substantially reduced when compared to the ferritic T22 specimens exposed at the same location.

This report is divided into the following sections:

1. Introduction
2. Experimental Program
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Recommendations
7. References

ETI sponsored IDCORE Research Engineer Anna Stegman presents “Cost Reduction to Encourage Commercialisation of Marine in the UK” at All Energy 2017 in Glasgow. This presentation covers

• Using a systems engineering approach to the development of wave energy technologies
• Using ESME (ETI’s modelling tool)
• Least Cost Optimisation - Wave
• Least Cost Optimisation - Tidal
• Installed Capacity
• Analysis
• Conclusions

A significant influence on the feasibility of global integrated assessment will be the routine collection and availability of data of adequate quality through monitoring systems and surveys, collected and analysed on a consistent basis. This note describes progress in the development of the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) Project which at this stage appears to offer the best prospect of meeting this need.

A few broad-brush conclusions appear to emerge from work on global databases so far:

1. In practice, even with GEO, it has simply not proven feasible to identify (let alone make available) each and every data set used for integrated environment assessment and underlying research around the world; the amount of data would be simply overwhelming.
2. Although global, harmonised core data sets are improving, expanding and more easily accessible, there are still numerous inconsistencies and shortcomings. Most of these uncertainties have been highlighted in the main report.
3. In particular, to date, little information is available for assessment of environmental impacts on human health and natural ecosystems and of societal responses to and effectiveness of environmental policy actions.

The data sets need to be collated, tailored and made available to the partners for integrated environment assessment (IEA), most notably in the realm of UNEP's GEO. The four critical questions on data for IEA/GEO assessment and reporting can thus be identified as follows:

1. What information do we need?
2. What data do we have and what is missing?
3. How can we derive the necessary information from existing 'raw' data sets?
4. How do we organise, operate and improve data and information management in the real world?

The first years of the GEO assessment project have shown great strides in identifying the core data sets for IEA/GEO, as well as some of the most obvious gaps and shortcomings. The identification process largely focused on questions 1 and 2 and produced an extensive list of existing core data sets for global environment assessment, based on needs listed by various organisations.

There is also considerable overlap among different environment-related reporting programmes. This would imply the need to compile a generic, flexible core database, which can also serve other assessments than GEO. The sheer magnitude actually makes it very difficult for any single organisation to compile such an empirical base. Thus, in fact, this could and should be an UN-wide effort, which would benefit the assessment activities of UNEP, UNDP, FAO, CSD, IPCC, Convention Secretariats, UN Economic Commissions and possibly others.

This document is a summary for the project titled 'Data Gathering within 11kV Network Employing Power Line Communications System for Active Distribution Network Operation'.

In order for the UK to meet its ambitious targets for energy production from renewable sources (10% of electricity by 2010, 15% by 2020) it needs to expand its capacity to generate all forms of renewable energy. The proliferation of renewable energy generators, both on a large and small scale, will increasingly result in power flow which is bidirectional with individuals acting as both consumers and suppliers of energy. This presents a new challenge for the companies that operate the electricity networks in the UK (Distribution Network Operator's (DNO)) of integrating these, geographically diverse, generation sites into the existing power network. It will also mean the DNO's will have to manage the grid carefully and to do this they need to be able to gather accurate localized data from it.

This project is focused on developing a prototype Power Line Communication (PLC) system from off-the-shelf PLC products to gather data from an 11kV network, this is the type of network used to deliver electricity to consumers in the UK. Electricity North West (ENW), who operate the electricity distribution network in the North West, are collaborating on this project and have agreed to allow the PLC system to be tested on an operational part of the network. The prototype systems' performance will then be monitored and analysed in order to refine and improve it, this stage is expected to involve repeated testing and iterative improvements in the software design. The data generated from the trials will then allow for both an operational and economic analysis of the PLC system to be carried out.

National infrastructures, such as energy, water, and transport systems, are critical to society. Exploring the effect of investments in infrastructure is an active area of research with a high impact on the well-being of the UK. Data is an essential pre-requisite for good analysis and good decision making, but there are many barriers to the effective use of data. Data Infrastructure for National Infrastructure (DINI) is a pilot study within the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology's UK Research Data Cloud Pilot programme. Its aim is to explore the potential of data to drive research and its impact on policy. Our scope is National Infrastructure Systems within the UK with a focus on energy, water and transport. The project was coordinated by the Data and Analytics Facility for National Infrastructure, working with the Energy Data Centre and the JASMIN Facility, with contributions from Icebreaker One, the Digital Curation Centre, and the UK Collaboratorium for Research on Infrastructure and Cities. This report summarises the outcomes of the DINI pilot project. It begins by presenting the vision for DINI and providing a statement of the major action proposed from the work of the project. The report then gives a summary of the major results of the project, discussing the background of research in infrastructure systems engineering, and characterising the use of data in this area. The main results of the landscaping work of the pilot study are given next, including the research benefits, benefits to non-research partners, and the wider benefits to society. The barriers involving legal, security, commercial, cultural and technical themes are discussed, with a summary of the major barriers in each area being presented. The work of the technical design studies are then discussed, with the report concluding with its 16 recommendations based on how to form a research data cloud to support infrastructure systems engineering.

This project specified the data system functionality and architecture that would fulfil the information and service requirements of a smart energy system. This included data security and privacy aspects. Hitachi Europe and energy & sustainability consultants DNV Kema worked independently on two �100,000 contracts to identify any data system constraints that need to be incorporated into smart energy systems. The projects were launched in February 2013. The envisaged ETI Smart Systems and Heat system will depend on Information and Communications Technology (ICT) for its efficient design, operation and management. The ICT system will need to provide functionality right along the energy delivery chain: from supply to the end consumer. It will also need to support commercial activities such as billing, and to support academic analysis and review of the system during trials and proving.

The principal objective achieved within the reports is the identification from other relevant projects of architectural techniques that can be applied to the SSH data architecture design and to identify and assess UK and EU directives, protocols, and legislative initiatives that may impact upon delivery of the SSH Programme

The main body of the report has been structured around three key themes:

• policy interdependenciesand regulatory stability,
• harmonisation of standards and
• data protection policy.

This project specified the data system functionality and architecture that would fulfil the information and service requirements of a smart energy system. This included data security and privacy aspects. Hitachi Europe and energy & sustainability consultants DNV Kema worked independently on two �100,000 contracts to identify any data system constraints that need to be incorporated into smart energy systems. The projects were launched in February 2013. The envisaged ETI Smart Systems and Heat system will depend on Information and Communications Technology (ICT) for its efficient design, operation and management. The ICT system will need to provide functionality right along the energy delivery chain: from supply to the end consumer. It will also need to support commercial activities such as billing, and to support academic analysis and review of the system during trials and proving

The principal objective achieved within the reports is the identification from other relevant projects of architectural techniques that can be applied to the SSH data architecture design and to identify and assess UK and EU directives, protocols, and legislative initiatives that may impact upon delivery of the SSH Programme.

This project specified the data system functionality and architecture that would fulfil the information and service requirements of a smart energy system. This included data security and privacy aspects. Hitachi Europe and energy & sustainability consultants DNV Kema worked independently on two £100,000 contracts to identify any data system constraints that need to be incorporated into smart energy systems. The projects were launched in February 2013. The envisaged ETI Smart Systems and Heat system will depend on Information and Communications Technology (ICT) for its efficient design, operation and management. The ICT system will need to provide functionality right along the energy delivery chain: from supply to the end consumer. It will also need to support commercial activities such as billing, and to support academic analysis and review of the system during trials and proving.

he principal objective achieved within the reports is the identification from other relevant projects of architectural techniques that can be applied to the SSH data architecture design and to identify and assess UK and EU directives, protocols, and legislative initiatives that may impact upon delivery of the SSH Programme

High-level conclusions that can be drawn from this work are as follows:

1. Interoperability is a vital prerequisite for a successful trial and a workable, enduring smart energy system;
2. New system control techniques will be essential for performing groundbreaking functions in a dynamic, bi-directional energy environment;
3. Due regard should be paid towhat data needs to be transferred from within, and between, the various tiers of the smart energy system, and what security should be in place to ensure that critical national infrastructure and customer information is appropriately protected.

Throughout the analysis, it was found that few projects cover the integration of both electricity and heat, clearly highlighting the uniqueness of the SSH programme. Furthermore, cyber security has more often than notbeen placed into the „too difficult to do? box. However,given the country-wide focus of the SSH programme this issue will need to be tackled.

This project specified the data system functionality and architecture that would fulfil the information and service requirements of a smart energy system. This included data security and privacy aspects. Hitachi Europe and energy & sustainability consultants DNV Kema worked independently on two �100,000 contracts to identify any data system constraints that need to be incorporated into smart energy systems. The projects were launched in February 2013. The envisaged ETI Smart Systems and Heat system will depend on Information and Communications Technology (ICT) for its efficient design, operation and management. The ICT system will need to provide functionality right along the energy delivery chain: from supply to the end consumer. It will also need to support commercial activities such as billing, and to support academic analysis and review of the system during trials and proving.

The envisaged ETI Smart Systems and Heat system will depend on Information and Communications Technology (ICT) for its efficient design, operation and management. The ICT system will need to provide functionality right along the energy delivery chain: from supply to the end consumer. It will also need to support commercial activities such as billing, and to support academic analysis and review of the system during trials and proving. The purpose of Work Area 3 (WA3) is to specify a data architecture that fulfils the information and service requirements of the smart energy system (including data security and privacy).

The principal objective achieved within the reports is the identification from other relevant projects of architectural techniques that can be applied to the SSH data architecture design and to identify and assess UK and EU directives, protocols,and legislative initiativesthat may impact upon delivery of the SSH Programme

A formal analysis methodology based on defined Research Questions is used as the basis of analysis. This methodology permits the analysis of initiatives against defined quality aspects and is based on software engineering best practice. Each initiative is analysed to determine how the designers sought to achieve a specified quality aspect (such as performance or reliability) using known design techniques.From an initial extensive list of initiatives the following are identified as directly relevant to the SSHP:

• HiPerDNO
• OpenNode
• NIST IR 7628 Smart Grid Cyber Security
• Prototype Island Smart Grid
• Autonomous Decentralised Transport Operation Control System
• Traffic Management System for Kyushu Shinkansen train
• Danish Cell Controller Pilot Project
• M/490 Smart Grid Information Security working group
• EU-Commission Smart Grid Task Force (SGTF)

Together, the design aspects and tactics employed in these initiatives provide a basis for the design of the data management architecture for the SSHP.

This deliverable presents several architecture patterns for the defined quality aspects. Though each pattern has its own characteristics, a pattern found here, generally speaking, represents its own approach to decomposition of an ICT system. Security centric architecture, for example, requires the decomposition of a system according to the asset importance. Strictly confidential data must be separated from other data and should be protected by an elaborate security scheme such as defence-in-depth strategy found in the project we studied. On the other hand, the performance requirement may demand the confidential data should be stored with some other data to guarantee quick data merging. Or, adaptability may, for example, require data separation so that a change of tregulation should cause only a simple exchange of corresponding components. In this way quality aspects, or criteria of decomposition, sometimes collapse and bring design discrepancies.

One of the challenges facing UK power networks is dealing with power instability in the distribution network caused by the increase of RE and increase of variation and number of demand devices in the future. Thus, in future work, we will focus on control of power and devices in distribution networks as challenges in SSHP

This document is a summary for the project titled 'Deposition Techniques for Thin Film Ternary Semiconductor Solar Cells'.

In the UK, the government has set up ambitious targets for the production of electricity from renewable sources, 10% of electricity by 2010 and 15% by 2020, and solar power is expected to make a significant contribution to this. Therefore the development of low-cost, efficient and environmentally friendly photovoltaic technologies will be of enormous benefit to society as a whole. It will also provide significant business opportunities internationally as countries strive to move towards more sustainable ways of generating electricity. The development and manufacture of solar cell modules for the production of electrical power is a growth industry with considerable wealth-creating potential for North West UK manufacturers during the next century.

This project extended previous work carried out at the University of Salford on pulsed DC magnetron sputtering (PDMS), a technique used to deposit thin films of a material onto a surface, for use on CIS solar cells. The purpose of which is to establish whether PDMS offers a realistic approach for the industrial production of CIS solar cells. The project also involves experiments to replace some of the materials used in CIS cells with more efficient or less toxic alternatives.

This report describes the results of the DTI-supported project Design & Manufacture of Radar Absorbent Wind Turbine Blades; a collaborative project between QinetiQ Ltd. and NOI (Scotland) Ltd. The aims of the project were threefold:

To understand, through predictive modelling, the contribution made by the blade of the radar cross section (RCS) of a complete turbine

To gain confidence that the turbine RCS can feasibly be reduced to appropriate levels by the use of radar absorbent material (RAM)

To demonstrate that RAM variants of the blade materials can be manufactured, by the introduction of stealth technology within the current composite sections, with minimal structural impact

In summary, the study has shown that it is possible to modify all materials regions of the NOI 34m blade to create RAM, and this can be done with little or no degradation in structural properties. The predicted benefits in terms of reduced detection by non-Doppler radar and ATC radars are seen to be extremely encouraging.

However, predictive models can never fully represent reality, and there are factors that are difficult to accurately model, such as blade twist and bend. In light of this, it is recommended that a full practical demonstration of a stealthy turbine should be performed. All stakeholders (developers, manufacturers and planning objectors) will then be able to quantify the benefits of RCS reduction through the use of RAM.

The technical implementation of the Energy Data Centre's repository started in 2004 and does not provide any machine access to the content for external users. The changes in requirements for repository usage, content discoverability and reuse, and the ability to implement the Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR) principles has led to the identification of a need to specify and then develop an API for the Energy Data Centre's service focussed on research data.

This document is a report for the project titled 'Development of Stable Isotopic Ratio Measurement - Apportioning of Fuel and Thermal NO_x'.

The main aims of the project have been to develop a nitrogen-stable isotope measurement technique for NO_x and to ascertain whether it can be used to determine the relative contributions of fuel and thermal NO_x during coal combustion at high temperatures. Suitable substrates for adsorbing sufficiently high concentrations of NO_x from flue gas streams to facilitate the reliable measurement of the nitrogen stable isotope ratios were developed, the substrates encompassing both manganese oxide supported on zirconia (MnOy-ZrO2) and iron supported on active carbon (Fe/AC, first milestone completed October 2001).

This report is divided into the following sections:

1. Introduction
2. Technical Progress/Overall Planning and Objectives Summary
3. Expenditure
4. Exploitation/Publication of Results

• Appendix 1 - Background nitrogen levels in EA-IRMS for the Europa 20:20 instrument
• Appendix 2 - Tables
• Appendix 3 - Details on nitrogen stable isotope measurements obtained using the N-free Fe/Mn-AC

The principal aim of the project was to produce a verifiable methodology for generating accurate and reliable estimates of methane emissions from abandoned mines in the UK, to be considered for inclusion in the UK greenhouse gas inventory.

The prime drivers for methane emission from abandoned mines are displacement by rising mine waters and the rate of emission of methane from the coal seams in the strata disturbed by mining. Rising mine water also serves to isolate methane reserves by cutting them off by flooding. The UK coalfields have been modelled to obtain estimates of water inflow and methane reserves within the coalfields. Measurements have also been made on methane emissions from mines, either from vents or from more general diffuse emissions from the surface. The general methodology has been to seek a relationship between the measured methane flows and parameters relating to the water and gas in the underlying abandoned workings

No suitable relationship was found between vent methane flow data and the water flow in the underlying abandoned workings. However, vent methane flow data did show an increase with the size of the underlying methane reserve in the abandoned workings. Flux data from the diffuse monitoring was converted into flows by multiplying by the area of underlying workings. These flows also showed an increase with underlying gas reserve. The data was scattered in both sets, but the gradients of regression lines through the flux data was within 11% of the vent flow data. Consequently the two data sets were combined and a regression provided a gradient equivalent to an emission of 0.74% of the underlying gas reserve per year.

This report is divided into the following sections:

1. Introdution
2. General Methodology
3. Sources of Data
4. Mine Water Recovery
5. Mine Water Recovery Modelling
6. Methane in Mines
7. Monitoring of Methane at Surface Vents
8. Monitoring of Diffuse Methane Emissions
9. Methane Reserve Modelling
10. Methodology for Estimating UK Emissions
11. Results
12. Conclusions
13. Recommendations
14. Acknowledgements

• Appendix A - Report uses as source data for study
• Appendix B - Map of coalified areas and zones
• Appendix C - List of coal authority monitoring sites and pumping sites
• Appendix D - Sites of recorded surface gravity discharges of mine water
• Appendix E - Average permeabilities used for modelling coalfields
• Appendix F - Direct measurement of methane flux on one day campaign
• Appendix G - Background to the reserve modelling method
• Appendix H - Reserve estimates by coalfield area and year

This document is the final report for the project titled 'Producing a Time Series of Input-Output Tables and Embedded Carbon Dioxide Emissions for the UK by Using a MRIO Data Optimisation System'.

For this stage of the project (UK-MRIO 1), the aim was to develop and implement an initial, relatively small, data and model framework that is easily expandable without major adaptations. A data optimisation procedure is to allow the flexible adaptation of national input-output and environmental databases for use in a multi-region environmental input-output model in the future. Thus the work was to set the basis for multi-country analyses of environmental impacts associated with UK trade flows, including detailed accounts of embedded in trade flows to and from the UK over a period of time.

In order to achieve this aim, initial data estimates have been made, data constraints have been defined and specific optimisation algorithms have been developed and implemented. As a tangible outcome of the current project we have constructed a time series of annual input-output tables for the UK from 1992 to 2004 by using a modified RAS7 procedure for balancing (referred to as 'Conflicting RAS' or 'CRAS'). These tables are similar to the "Analytical IO Tables 1995" published by ONS, including symmetric input-output tables (SIOT) for domestic transactions and imports for each year from 1992 to 2004 (see Appendix C: Data Sources and Data Preparation on page 41). In addition to the original project aim, we have also calculated a time series of direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions associated with UK economic activities, in particular emissions that are embedded in imports to and exports from the UK.

This report is divided into the following sections:

1. Project Context
2. Methodological Approach
3. Results
4. Discussion of Assumptions and Limitations of the Current UK-MRIO Model
5. Recommendations for Further Research
6. Conclusions
7. Acknowledgements
8. Appendix A: Research Contacts
9. Appendix B: Review of Literature on EET models
10. Appendix C: Data Sources and Data Preparation
11. Appendix D: Matrix Balancing with CRAS
12. Appendix E: Production of Symmetric Input-Output Tables
13. Appendix F: Detailed Results for CO₂ Emissions Embedded in UK Trade
14. Appendix G: References

The aim of the project is to validate the cost, time and energy effectiveness of domestic retrofit across different house types, using an approach that could be employed to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the existing 26 million homes in the UK which will still be in existence by 2050. The novel, mass-scale retrofit approach being tested was first developed in a deskbased ETI project (“Optimising Thermal Efficiency of Existing Housing”) completed in 2012, as part of the ETI Buildings programme. The 20-month long, £475,000 project will retrofit five types of domestic property, identified and prioritised in the earlier ETI project.

The backdrop for this project has been the UK’s 2050 Climate Change Commitments and so the requirement has been to develop pragmatic solutions which can make a significant contribution to meeting the mandatory 80% reduction in UK CO₂ emissions. The project has provided valuable insight by enhancing existing energy models, completing new consumer research and developing design, supply chain and policy solutions which challenge existing paradigms.

There is a great deal of valuable work on energy efficiency being carried out both on national policy and at the individual property level. This project has endeavoured to consider the end to end value chain for domestic dwellings whilst focusing primarily on thermal efficiency (heat).The objective has been to carry out rigorous, but desk based, research to conceive a future state where there are mechanisms, appealing to householders, which greatly reduce the energy demand of existing domestic properties (more than 50%).

With 26 million UK properties, the prime considerations have been the challenges of engagingwith households and the practicality of delivering at scale within the 37 year timeframe.

• The market and press reaction to the initial rollout is crucial to future success. Early failures in performance, service or cost will be very difficult to recover from
• There is significant potential from linking low carbon retrofit with other large scale domestic changes: flood protection, smart meter rollout, water company initiatives and IT, electrical or gas infrastructure repair and upgrade.
• Although a street by street approach is considered by some to be more effective, the project team can see limited potential to engage consumers in the dominant Owner Occupier market. In addition a correctly designed process should deliver equally cost effectively for single properties
• Retrofit should enable a general improvement in the currently poor condition of UK housingstock, or at least reduce the rate of further decline
• Mass scale retrofit models can support and be encouraged by other initiatives such as Energy Company Obligations (ECO) and the Green Deal if presentation to the public is clear and objectives are seen to be aligned.

The aim of the project is to validate the cost, time and energy effectiveness of domestic retrofit across different house types, using an approach that could be employed to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the existing 26 million homes in the UK which will still be in existence by 2050. The novel, mass-scale retrofit approach being tested was first developed in a deskbased ETI project (“Optimising Thermal Efficiency of Existing Housing”) completed in 2012, as part of the ETI Buildings programme. The 20-month long, £475,000 project will retrofit five types of domestic property, identified and prioritised in the earlier ETI project

Through its Optimising Thermal Efficiency of Existing Housing Project, the ETI developed a theoretical delivery mechanism for retrofitting the UK domestic housing stock at a sufficiently high rate to impact climate change targets, this was described as “the ETI Approach”. This document describes the methodology for implementing the ETI Approach on a house by house basis, considering

1. the consumer,
2. the solutions implemented
3. the delivery mechanism itself and
4. the potential business opportunities.

The ETI Approach was subsequently subjected to testing, evaluation and improvement via the ETI’s “Domestic Retrofit Demonstration Project”.

The aim of the project is to validate the cost, time and energy effectiveness of domestic retrofit across different house types, using an approach that could be employed to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the existing 26 million homes in the UK which will still be in existence by 2050. The novel, mass-scale retrofit approach being tested was first developed in a deskbased ETI project (“Optimising Thermal Efficiency of Existing Housing”) completed in 2012, as part of the ETI Buildings programme. The 20-month long, £475,000 project will retrofit five types of domestic property, identified and prioritised in the earlier ETI project.

This report is Part 1 of the two-part summative report for the Energy Technology Institute’s “Domestic Retrofit Demonstration Project”, part of the “Smart Systems and Heat (SSH)” programme. The underpinning hypothesis for this project was that the Retrofit Approach can be developed to meet the targets set in the ETI’s “Optimising Thermal Efficiency of Existing Housing” project and viably deliver domestic retrofit to large numbers of dwellings.

The project identified the top 10 house typologies in the UK based on the typical total carbon dioxide emissions from each typology and the total number of that typology in the UK, i.e. the groups of houses by type which emit the most carbon dioxide emissions. Through modelling of the associated energy consumption reductions and quantification of the corresponding carbon dioxide emission savings, packages of retrofit measures where developed for each of the 10 housing groups.

A top-to-bottom retrofit installation process was developed, by analysing the most cost-effective package of retrofit measures suitable for a particular property; through to installation with the minimum disruption to the householder. The skills required of the workers in the installation team were identified as well as the optimum material distribution networks to supply them with exactly what is required and when. It was determined that time and cost is wasted due to the multiple trades visiting a house to undertake retrofit work, often in sequence over many weeks. Besides the impact this has on increasing costs, and lengthening installation programmes, it has a disruption impact on householders. It was therefore proposed that a multi-skilled team of 4 people should be used to complete work on individual homes. That team would not rely on external trades to complete the work and would undertake the whole work to each home before moving to another home.

The Performance Targets proposed by the team were:

• RetroFix™: Installation period - maximum two weeks; capital cost of £10,000; primary energy consumption reduction of 25% - 40%
• RetroPlus™: Installation period - maximum three weeks; capital cost of £15,000 - £20,000; primary energy consumption reduction of 40% - 60%

The package of retrofit measures along with the supply chain delivery plans plus the multi-skilled installation team solution developed in the project are referred to as the ‘Retrofit Approach’ in thesereports. Building on the mass-scale whole house retrofit approach that was developed in the desk-based OTEoEH study, ETI decided to run a demonstrator project to trial the developed Retrofit Approach on five occupied houses. The demonstration project aimed to validate the approach in relation to the cost, time and energy effectiveness of the RetroFixTM and RetroPlusTM packages. PRP led the project with partner Peabody, supported by subcontractor Total Flow, an insulation manufacturer and a national construction contractor for the retrofit of four houses in London and a regional construction contractor for one home in the North of England. The ETI selected five house types, which were representative of the top fivetypology groups of the ten identified in the OTEoEH project. The consortium undertook analysis of the survey, design and installation processes as well as the resulting performance of the retrofit installations including the gathering of quantitative data from each house and qualitative feedback from the installation team and householders.

The demonstration project also trialled a test developed by Loughborough University which analyses the amount of heat energy usedby a home prior to and after retrofit.

The aim of the project is to validate the cost, time and energy effectiveness of domestic retrofit across different house types, using an approach that could be employed to improve the energy efficiency of the vast majority of the existing 26 million homes in the UK which will still be in existence by 2050. The novel, mass-scale retrofit approach being tested was first developed in a deskbased ETI project (“Optimising Thermal Efficiency of Existing Housing”) completed in 2012, as part of the ETI Buildings programme. The 20-month long, £475,000 project will retrofit five types of domestic property, identified and prioritised in the earlier ETI project

This document is the second of two final summative reports produced by PRP for the ETI funded Buildings Retrofit project. This report focuses on the project conclusions and opportunities for improving delivery of whole house retrofit in the future. The first summative report focuses on key performance results from the ETI building retrofit project. This report contains a summary of the key findings from the project, analysis of the effectiveness of the delivery of the Retrofit Approach, market opportunities and commercial models for the Retrofit Approach, analysis of how to achieve commercial viability of the Retrofit Approach and a roadmap to develop the industrial capabilit

A number of key processes and aspects of the Retrofit Approach have been tested in the demonstration houses, including survey, design and installation processes, energy performance, as well as supply chain and consumer acceptance.

Some of the key findings from our evaluation are as follows:

• Efficient and advanced survey methods are essential to identify the underlying conditions of the property.
• A library of standard installation details and technical solutions has been proven to reduce time and hence cost at the design stage.
• High performance insulation and building products used in the Retrofit Approach are still at the top end niche of the market.
• Installer productivity is a major opportunity for reduced programme periods and resource costs, however productivity must not be prioritised over quality otherwise the Retrofit Approach cost and technical performance targets will not be achieved.
• It is evident from the demonstration houses that when the retrofit measures are installed correctly there is a significant improvement to the thermal performance of the property, which in turn proves the Retrofit Approach target saving for heat energy consumption.
• The supply chain is not yet set up for delivery logistics to individual home retrofit projects.

Our research from the demonstration houses has led to a deeper and richer understanding of the practicality and viability of the Retrofit Approach, and has allowed us to identify a roadmap to develop industrial capability for the Retrofit Approach

This document is one of two final summative reports produced by PRP for the ETI funded Buildings Retrofit project.

This report focuses on the key performance results from the retrofitting work and the second report contains the project conclusions and opportunities for improving the delivery of whole house retrofit. This report contains the energy use pre and post retrofitting activities, post installation problems, cost breakdowns and co benefits from the retrofitting activities.

ESME is a least-cost optimisation model designed to explore technology options for a carbon constrained energy system, subject to additional constraints around energy security, peak energy demand and more.

The main body of this document catalogues the sources used as underlying evidence for the data in the ETI’s ESME model. This information takes the form of references to the outputs of ETI technology projects and/or third party published papers. The intention is to give signposts to the underlying evidence and to briefly state which data have been used and how, without giving detailed calculations. Note that this document does not contain the final numerical values in the ESME dataset. The ESME dataset itself is not published, but is available to users of the ESME model.

The purpose of this document is to give visibility of which sources have been used to populate the ESME datasets and to show how the ESME dataset is built on a foundation of strong evidence.

The technology input data for ESME is grouped into different sections of the energy system, each shown on a separate worksheet: conversion, infrastructure, industry, buildings and transport. Other input data, including product emission factors, resource prices, availability of resources, demand for energy services are on seperate worksheets. A glossary of terms is supplied, along with reference data for currency conversions and inflation data.

Differing generating technologies are often compared using simple Levelised Cost of Energy (LCOE) analysis. Whilst useful in some circumstances, LCOE analysis can be misleading and hide the true system costs incurred by different technologies under different conditions. In practice, the average cost achieved may be very different to the theoretical LCOE. Simple LCOE analysis is therefore often not an effective way of robustly comparing the real overall system cost of various generating technologies. The ETI has produced the tool to enable anyone with a basic understanding of electricity balancing to explore the effect of different assumptions on the total cost of meeting electricity demand, as it varies through the year. The tool has enough functionality to be useful and to allow non-expert users to explore themes and trends, and looks at meeting electricity demand from a single generating technology with the flexibility to match supply to demand provided either through batteries or combined cycle gas turbines (CCGTs). This report explains at a high level how the tool works and show examples of different results that can be derived from it by using the built-in data, at the same time illustrating some of the weaknesses of using LCOE in isolation. The real value of the tool comes from users using their own data to understand sensitivities to assumptions. This report deliberately has no findings or recommendations, other than to use the tool freely and thoughtfully. The worked examples in this report show: How significant hidden systems costs and carbon emissions can be. The risks that might arise through not estimating potential global impacts of embedded greenhouse gas emissions, whether in fuels, construction materials or even electricity supplied through interconnector.

ETI’s Strategy Manager Hannah Evans presents “ETI’s Bioenergy Programme - Domestic Resources” at a Biomass UK roundtable at the Renewable Energy Association (slide set)

The ELUM project was commissioned to provide greater understanding on the GHG and soil carbon changes arising as a result of direct land-use change (dLUC) to bioenergy crops, with a primary focus on the second-generation bioenergy crops Miscanthus, short rotation coppice (SRC) willow and short rotation forestry (SRF). The project was UK-bound, but with many outcomes which could be internationally relevant. Indirect land-use change impacts were out of scope. This report documents the key results and findings of the spatial modelling work undertaken to determine how land-use change to bioenergy crops affects soil global warming potential in the UK, for the period 2015-2050. This work is the culmination of earlier deliverables that provided data on the impacts of transitions to bioenergy crops on soil carbon (Work Package 2), greenhouse gas emissions at the network sites (Work Package 3) and the subsequent development and parameterisation of the model (Work Package 4, deliverable D4.3). The model outputs generated as part this deliverable provide the raw data for the look-up table that forms the basis of the spatial modelling tool described in deliverable D4.3.

This deliverable presents a critical review of paired site and chronosequence approaches in the literature and provides specific sampling recommendations and a UK sampling roadmap for the Ecosystem Land-Use Modelling project (ELUM). It looks beyond bioenergy plantations to uncover the best practices to determine the effects of Land Use Change (LUC) on soil carbon stocks. Work Package 2 (WP2) will adopt these approaches in the context of the most relevant bioenergy transitions across the UK. The findings from this review will inform the development of a statistically robust sampling framework to meet the assumptions of paired site and chronosequence approaches

The ELUM project was commissioned to improve understanding on the GHG and soil carbon changes arising as a result of direct land-use change to bioenergy crops, with a focus on the second-generation bioenergy crops Miscanthus, short rotation coppice willow and short rotation forestry. The project was UK-bound, but with many outcomes which could be internationally relevant. Indirect land-use change impacts were out of scope. This deliverable presents a review of existing (2012) models, toolkits and resources available to assess the effects of a land use change to bioenergy crops from specified transitions. This report reviews the current (as of 2012) global literature covering the technological aspects of Work Package WP2 (chronosequencing approach to monitoring soil organic carbon), WP3 (dynamic approach to measuring soil carbon and atmospheric GHG emissions) and WP4 (numerical modellingapproaches), specific to bioenergy land use transitions. The findings of this review were designed to further inform the design of the ETI’s ELUM project experimental and modelling work from within the global scientific community. It was to provide key recommendations and help to guide the consortium as it delivered the ELUM project, and maintain cutting edge empirical and modelling work relevant to the development of sustainable bioenergy land-use transitions.

The ELUM project was commissioned to provide greater understanding on the GHG and soil carbon changes arising as a result of direct land-use change (dLUC) to bioenergy crops, with a primary focus on the second-generation bioenergy crops Miscanthus, short rotation coppice (SRC) willow and short rotation forestry (SRF). The project was UK-bound, but with many outcomes which could be internationally relevant. Indirect land-use change impacts were out of scope. The aim of Work Package 4 (WP4) was to develop a bioenergy spatial modelling tool (ELUM software package) to allow non-specialist users to explore the consequences of land-use and land-management change arising from planting of energy crops on soil carbon and greenhouse gas emissions in the UK. This deliverable tests the accuracy of the ECOSSE model (from which the ELUM software package is derived) to simulate soil carbon and greenhouse gas fluxes, describes the uncertainties in the simulations and describes the ELUM meta-model itself.

Finally, an extensive description of the meta-model is given in this report, describing assumptions and constraints, as well as the structure of the look-up table. The benefits and limitations of the look-up table approach for the meta-model are reported below.

Benefits:

• Results are as reliable as possible, since results from the ECOSSE model are directly reported (except for non-default fertiliser and yield improvement)
• Comparatively fast to use
• Future modifications are relatively straightforward, since results for different transitions, climates and regions, for example, can be obtained from the underlying model and used to create a new look-up table, without further modelling work to approximate the results of the ECOSSE model

Limitations:

• The data storage space for the meta-model is comparatively large
• Results are restricted to those considered by the model (although use of regression equations for non-default options works around this).

The ELUM project was commissioned to provide greater understanding on the GHG and soil carbon changes arising as a result of direct land-use change (dLUC) to bioenergy crops, with a primary focus on the second-generation bioenergy crops Miscanthus, short rotation coppice (SRC) willow and short rotation forestry (SRF). The project was UK-bound, but with many outcomes which could be internationally relevant. Indirect land-use change impacts were out of scope. This deliverable provides an up to date (2012) overview of relevant literature and has enabled the identification of consistent research messages and areas where uncertainties exist. In particular, there is a large dependency on models with limited sensitivity analysis or validation to predict the impact of Land Use Change on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) balance and changes in soil carbon stocks leading to carbon sequestration and net benefit to the system. Linking research at field scale, to activities in modelling in a multidisciplinary group such as that of ELUM, is world leading and of particular value to a wide range of stakeholders. This document outlines the full methodology for the literature search (as already provided for D1.3) and that for the meta-analysis

The ELUM project was commissioned to provide greater understanding on the GHG and soil carbon changes arising as a result of direct land-use change (dLUC) to bioenergy crops, with a primary focus on the second-generation bioenergy crops Miscanthus, short rotation coppice (SRC) willow and short rotation forestry (SRF). The project was UK-bound, but with many outcomes which could be internationally relevant. Indirect land-use change impacts were out of scope. This deliverable provides a review of the current research on key ecosystem services relating to bioenergy cropping systems in a UK context. It identifies current research gaps in this area and describes in detail the underlying provisioning services. Whilst much of the ELUM project focuses on an analytical understanding of the impacts of land-use change to bioenergy crops, this report focuses on what are sometimes less easily measured effects – impacts on all the goods and services that humans rely on, defined by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) as “ecosystem services”. Although the concluding outputs from this Work Package 1 (WP1) report do not feed directly into other ELUM Work Packages, it nevertheless represents an important supporting body of evidence in the discussion around the potential uptake of bioenergy crops in the UK.

This deliverable accompanies the completed Work Package 1 meta-analysis database which reviews all of the Total Soil Carbon (TSC), Greenhouse Gas (GHG) and Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) data evaluated from the selected literature sources arising in the literature review. The meta-analysis used the parameters and the methodology described in earlier deliverables - D1.3 and D1.2 respectively. The meta-analysis conducted quantifies the effects of land-use change to bioenergy but results need to be interpreted with caution, primarily due to limited primary data sources and the necessity to use modelled and boot-strapped data

The Plug-in Vehicle Economics and Infrastructure Project is a core element of Electrification of Transport within Test Bed UK. The ETI will utilise the outputs of the project to support, inform and facilitate effective long-term benefits from the investments being made around the UK. The two primary objectives are:

1. Evaluate the potential role and economics of plug-in vehicles in the low carbon transport system: generate a quantified understanding of the market potential, cost models and carbon benefits case under defined scenarios of infrastructure investments, government intervention packages and finance model options across a number of key plug-in vehicle type/size/capability points; and
2. Develop the technology tool-kit for delivering an intelligent infrastructure: create a verified open interoperability architecture and generate information to aid infrastructure planning (e.g. to indicate how many recharging points are needed and where they should be located, what mix of power levels are required, how the impact of plug-in vehicle recharging on the electricity distribution network should be managed, how the overall system can be simplified for consumers, etc).

The Electricity Distribution and Intelligent Infrastructure project (TR1002) is comprised of six Work Packages. This report is a deliverable from Work Package 2.2 “Recharging Network Requirements”.

This report presents the results of an evaluation of the different ways in which Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PiEV) recharging infrastructure may be provided in the UK and their recommendations on the requirements for its deployment.

• PiEV recharging infrastructure requirements are presented for domestic, commercial and public applications.
• Power requirements, which are fundamental to determine PiEV connection capacities and ultimately system design solutions are determined for a range of recharging scenarios.
• Significant standards are discussed.
• A description of technology options is carried out for connectors, recharge points, DC recharging, inductive recharging and mitigation measures such as local load management and energy storage.
• The requirements capture, standards review and technology options are used to present system designs for a range of scenarios

The Plug-in Vehicle Economics and Infrastructure Project is a core element of Electrification of Transport within Test Bed UK. The ETI will utilise the outputs of the project to support, inform and facilitate effective long-term benefits from the investments being made around the UK. The two primary objectives are:

1. Evaluate the potential role and economics of plug-in vehicles in the low carbon transport system: generate a quantified understanding of the market potential, cost models and carbon benefits case under defined scenarios of infrastructure investments, government intervention packages and finance model options across a number of key plug-in vehicle type/size/capability points; and
2. Develop the technology tool-kit for delivering an intelligent infrastructure: create a verified open interoperability architecture and generate information to aid infrastructure planning (e.g. to indicate how many recharging points are needed and where they should be located, what mix of power levels are required, how the impact of plug-in vehicle recharging on the electricity distribution network should be managed, how the overall system can be simplified for consumers, etc).

The Electricity Distribution and Intelligent Infrastructure project (TR1002) is comprised of six Work Packages. This report is a deliverable of Work Package 2.2 (Recharging Network Requirements).

This report provides cost projections to 2050 for different types of plug-in vehicle recharging point. It is based on the technologies and options presented in the Charging Network Requirements Report, and should be read in conjunction with that report. The cost projections are summarized in the Executive Summary on pages 1 and 2. Cost projections are given for:

1. wall box (e.g. for domestic or workplace locations);
2. public charge post (e.g. for use on street);
3. DC charger (for very high power transfer); and
4. inductive charger (to avoid physical connections).

The Plug-in Vehicle Economics and Infrastructure Project is a core element of Electrification of Transport within Test Bed UK. The ETI will utilise the outputs of the project to support, inform and facilitate effective long-term benefits from the investments being made around the UK. The two primary objectives are:

1. Evaluate the potential role and economics of plug-in vehicles in the low carbon transport system: generate a quantified understanding of the market potential, cost models and carbon benefits case under defined scenarios of infrastructure investments, government intervention packages and finance model options across a number of key plug-in vehicle type/size/capability points; and
2. Develop the technology tool-kit for delivering an intelligent infrastructure: create a verified open interoperability architecture and generate information to aid infrastructure planning (e.g. to indicate how many recharging points are needed and where they should be located, what mix of power levels are required, how the impact of plug-in vehicle recharging on the electricity distribution network should be managed, how the overall system can be simplified for consumers, etc).

The Electricity Distribution and Intelligent Infrastructure project (TR1002) is comprised of six Work Packages. This report is a deliverable of Work Package 2.1 (Network Analysis).

This report provides an analysis of the impact of plug-in vehicle recharging on the UK electricity distribution system against a range of vehicle uptake and recharging profile scenarios.

• The key finding is that moderate uptake of plug-in vehicles could cause significant challenges for distribution networks, if demand from recharging is uncontrolled.
• The constraints arise largely from voltage drop and unbalance, violation of transformer and cable thermal limits, increases in network losses, fault levels and issues such as harmonics and step voltage changes.
• Traditional network reinforcement, by way of substation upgrades and cable reinforcement, is likely to be increasingly inefficient in terms of accommodating the incremental and unpredictable loads expected from plug-in vehicles and heat-pumps.
• If uptake is expected to be significant, a 'smart grid' approach is recommended.

The Plug-in Vehicle Economics and Infrastructure Project is a core element of Electrification of Transport within Test Bed UK. The ETI will utilise the outputs of the project to support, inform and facilitate effective long-term benefits from the investments being made around the UK. The two primary objectives are:

1. Evaluate the potential role and economics of plug-in vehicles in the low carbon transport system: generate a quantified understanding of the market potential, cost models and carbon benefits case under defined scenarios of infrastructure investments, government intervention packages and finance model options across a number of key plug-in vehicle type/size/capability points; and
2. Develop the technology tool-kit for delivering an intelligent infrastructure: create a verified open interoperability architecture and generate information to aid infrastructure planning (e.g. to indicate how many recharging points are needed and where they should be located, what mix of power levels are required, how the impact of plug-in vehicle recharging on the electricity distribution network should be managed, how the overall system can be simplified for consumers, etc).

The Electricity Distribution and Intelligent Infrastructure project is comprised of six Work Packages. This Executive Summary covers Work Packages 2.2, 2.3 and 2.5. The purpose of these three Work Packages was to:

1. evaluate the different ways in which recharging infrastructure may be provided in the UK and recommend the requirements for the UK deployment;
2. evaluate the main cost drivers for plug-in vehicle recharging infrastructure, enabling a realistic forecast to be generated; and
3. determine the regulatory, legislative and commercial issues associated with recharging infrastructure and recommend how they should evolve for the UK deployment.

The Plug-in Vehicle Economics and Infrastructure Project is a core element of Electrification of Transport within Test Bed UK. The ETI will utilise the outputs of the project to support, inform and facilitate effective long-term benefits from the investments being made around the UK. The two primary objectives are:

1. Evaluate the potential role and economics of plug-in vehicles in the low carbon transport system: generate a quantified understanding of the market potential, cost models and carbon benefits case under defined scenarios of infrastructure investments, government intervention packages and finance model options across a number of key plug-in vehicle type/size/capability points; and
2. Develop the technology tool-kit for delivering an intelligent infrastructure: create a verified open interoperability architecture and generate information to aid infrastructure planning (e.g. to indicate how many recharging points are needed and where they should be located, what mix of power levels are required, how the impact of plug-in vehicle recharging on the electricity distribution network should be managed, how the overall system can be simplified for consumers, etc).

The ETI Plug-in Vehicle Economics and Infrastructure Project consists of five stages:

• Stage 1: Concept Design (definition of hypotheses, model development and experimental design)
• Stage 2: Detail Design (planning the implementation of an environment to test the models developed in Stage 1)
• Stage 3: Construction (implementation and pre-commissioning testing environment)
• Stage 4: Operation (data-gathering, analysis and hypothesis/model testing)
• Stage 5: Exploitation (evaluation, communication, standardisation, etc)

This Request for Proposalis for Contract 2 of Stage 1 ie the Electricity Distribution and Intelligent Infrastructure Contract.

The Plug-in Vehicle Economics and Infrastructure Project is a core element of Electrification of Transport within Test Bed UK. The ETI will utilise the outputs of the project to support, inform and facilitate effective long-term benefits from the investments being made around the UK. The two primary objectives are:

1. Evaluate the potential role and economics of plug-in vehicles in the low carbon transport system: generate a quantified understanding of the market potential, cost models and carbon benefits case under defined scenarios of infrastructure investments, government intervention packages and finance model options across a number of key plug-in vehicle type/size/capability points; and
2. Develop the technology tool-kit for delivering an intelligent infrastructure: create a verified open interoperability architecture and generate information to aid infrastructure planning (e.g. to indicate how many recharging points are needed and where they should be located, what mix of power levels are required, how the impact of plug-in vehicle recharging on the electricity distribution network should be managed, how the overall system can be simplified for consumers, etc).

The Electricity Distribution and Intelligent Infrastructure project (TR1002) is comprised of six Work Packages. This report is a deliverable from WP 2.5 (Recharging Infrastructure Implementation)

This report considers the commercial and regulatory requirements for the deployment of plug-in vehicle recharging infrastructure in the UK. It builds on the Charging Network Requirements Report, which considers the technical requirements.

The most significant recommendation is the need for regulations to be developed and implemented to ensure load management functionalityis available at public, commercial/workplace and domestic recharging places. This is critical to enable demand to be managed through time of use pricing, to mitigate the future impacts on electricity generation and distribution. This functionality will be a low priority for many private sector investors until market uptake becomes significant; hence regulation is important to ensure this functionality is implemented from the outset and available when needed.

The Plug-in Vehicle Economics and Infrastructure Project is a core element of Electrification of Transport within Test Bed UK. The ETI will utilise the outputs of the project to support, inform and facilitate effective long-term benefits from the investments being made around the UK. The two primary objectives are:

1. Evaluate the potential role and economics of plug-in vehicles in the low carbon transport system: generate a quantified understanding of the market potential, cost models and carbon benefits case under defined scenarios of infrastructure investments, government intervention packages and finance model options across a number of key plug-in vehicle type/size/capability points; and
2. Develop the technology tool-kit for delivering an intelligent infrastructure: create a verified open interoperability architecture and generate information to aid infrastructure planning (e.g. to indicate how many recharging points are needed and where they should be located, what mix of power levels are required, how the impact of plug-in vehicle recharging on the electricity distribution network should be managed, how the overall system can be simplified for consumers, etc).

The Electricity Distribution and Intelligent Infrastructure project (TR1002) is comprised of six Work Packages. This is the executive summary for Work Package 2.4, Intelligent Architecture.

• This work package identified six principal actors:
  • Government & Regulation
  • Electric Vehicle Charging Services
  • Vehicle and Infrastructure Providers
  • Other Service Providers
  • Electricity Supply Chain
  • Electric Vehicles and Owners / Users
• From the information flow and motivations between these actor, an an open architecture solution is proposed.
• Implementation could be
  
  • Strategic, ie planned for long term results on a large scale, or
  • Organic ie piecemeal, adapting to immediate local needs.
• Standards will be needed to allow interconnectivity of devices and data flow.
• Recommended next steps include
  • Publication and wide dissemination of the proposed system architecture.
  • Ongoing engagement of a broad range of stakeholders
  • Investment in a demonstration project
  • Engagement of key stakeholders in the Government and regulatory space

The Plug-in Vehicle Economics and Infrastructure Project is a core element of Electrification of Transport within Test Bed UK. The ETI will utilise the outputs of the project to support, inform and facilitate effective long-term benefits from the investments being made around the UK. The two primary objectives are:

1. Evaluate the potential role and economics of plug-in vehicles in the low carbon transport system: generate a quantified understanding of the market potential, cost models and carbon benefits case under defined scenarios of infrastructure investments, government intervention packages and finance model options across a number of key plug-in vehicle type/size/capability points; and
2. Develop the technology tool-kit for delivering an intelligent infrastructure: create a verified open interoperability architecture and generate information to aid infrastructure planning (e.g. to indicate how many recharging points are needed and where they should be located, what mix of power levels are required, how the impact of plug-in vehicle recharging on the electricity distribution network should be managed, how the overall system can be simplified for consumers, etc).

The Electricity Distribution and Intelligent Infrastructure project (TR1002) is comprised of six Work Packages. This is the final report for WP2.4 (Intelligent Architecture). It has four appendices which are presented as ten separate documents, plus a separate Executive Summary document.�

The purpose of this deliverable was to develop an open architecture (i.e. system design requirements) for recharging infrastructure to enable the system to be operated and managed effectively while also enabling compatibility between different business models. This deliverable provides an overview of the stages of analysis. The details for each stage of analysis are documented in the separate appendices.

Document Structure:

• Executive Summary (also available as a separate document)
• Section 1: Introduction
• Section 2: Infrastructure Requirements
• Section 3: Business Design
• Section 4: System Design
• Section 5: Realization
• Appendices (in separate documents)
  • A - supporting Section 2 (Infrastructure Requirements)
    
    • A1: Intelligent Infrastructure Requirements
    • A2: Intelligent Infrastructure Standards Requirement
  • B -supporting Section 3 (Business Design)
    
    • B: Conceptual Business Architecture
  • C - supporting Section 4 (System Design)
    • C1: Conceptual Application Architecture
    • C2: Conceptual Data Architecture
    • C3: Conceptual TechnicalArchitecture
  • D - supporting Section 5 (Realization)
    • D1: Plan for Architecture Realisation
    • D2: Standards Gap Assessment Report
    • D3: Delivery Phases, Options, Costs and Risks

The Plug-in Vehicle Economics and Infrastructure Project is a core element of Electrification of Transport within Test Bed UK. The ETI will utilise the outputs of the project to support, inform and facilitate effective long-term benefits from the investments being made around the UK. The two primary objectives are:

1. Evaluate the potential role and economics of plug-in vehicles in the low carbon transport system: generate a quantified understanding of the market potential, cost models and carbon benefits case under defined scenarios of infrastructure investments, government intervention packages and finance model options across a number of key plug-in vehicle type/size/capability points; and
2. Develop the technology tool-kit for delivering an intelligent infrastructure: create a verified open interoperability architecture and generate information to aid infrastructure planning (e.g. to indicate how many recharging points are needed and where they should be located, what mix of power levels are required, how the impact of plug-in vehicle recharging on the electricity distribution network should be managed, how the overall system can be simplified for consumers, etc).

The Electricity Distribution and Intelligent Infrastructure project (TR1002) is comprised of six Work Packages. This is Appendix A1 to the final report for WP2.4 (Intelligent Architecture), covering the outline solution requirements, high level system context and high level initial use case model..

The purpose of this deliverable was to develop an open architecture (i.e. system design requirements) for recharging infrastructure to enable the system to be operated and managed effectively while also enabling compatibility between different business models. This appendix supports Section 2 (Infrastructure Requirements), and consists of consists of

• Introduction
• High Level System Context Views
• System Context Diagram – Inputs and Outputs
• Key Events and Data Entity Definitions
• Non Functional Requirements
• High Level Initial Use Case Model
• Appendix 1 : Acceptance Criteria
• Appendix 2 : Intelligence Levels

The Plug-in Vehicle Economics and Infrastructure Project is a core element of Electrification of Transport within Test Bed UK. The ETI will utilise the outputs of the project to support, inform and facilitate effective long-term benefits from the investments being made around the UK. The two primary objectives are:

1. Evaluate the potential role and economics of plug-in vehicles in the low carbon transport system: generate a quantified understanding of the market potential, cost models and carbon benefits case under defined scenarios of infrastructure investments, government intervention packages and finance model options across a number of key plug-in vehicle type/size/capability points; and
2. Develop the technology tool-kit for delivering an intelligent infrastructure: create a verified open interoperability architecture and generate information to aid infrastructure planning (e.g. to indicate how many recharging points are needed and where they should be located, what mix of power levels are required, how the impact of plug-in vehicle recharging on the electricity distribution network should be managed, how the overall system can be simplified for consumers, etc).

The Electricity Distribution and Intelligent Infrastructure project (TR1002) is comprised of six Work Packages. This is Appendix A2 to the final report for WP2.4 (Intelligent Architecture), covering providing an initial list of areas that may require a standard; it does not attempt to define or set the actual standards.

The purpose of this deliverable was to develop an open architecture (i.e. system design requirements) for recharging infrastructure to enable the system to be operated and managed effectively while also enabling compatibility between different business models.This appendix supports Section 2 (Infrastructure Requirements), and consists of

• Introduction
• Context for Vehicle Standards Requirements
• Candidate Areas for Standards
• Appendix 1 : Examples of current activity on standards
• Appendix 2 : Sources

The Plug-in Vehicle Economics and Infrastructure Project is a core element of Electrification of Transport within Test Bed UK. The ETI will utilise the outputs of the project to support, inform and facilitate effective long-term benefits from the investments being made around the UK. The two primary objectives are:

1. Evaluate the potential role and economics of plug-in vehicles in the low carbon transport system: generate a quantified understanding of the market potential, cost models and carbon benefits case under defined scenarios of infrastructure investments, government intervention packages and finance model options across a number of key plug-in vehicle type/size/capability points; and
2. Develop the technology tool-kit for delivering an intelligent infrastructure: create a verified open interoperability architecture and generate information to aid infrastructure planning (e.g. to indicate how many recharging points are needed and where they should be located, what mix of power levels are required, how the impact of plug-in vehicle recharging on the electricity distribution network should be managed, how the overall system can be simplified for consumers, etc).

The Electricity Distribution and Intelligent Infrastructure project (TR1002) is comprised of six Work Packages. This is Appendix B to the final report for WP2.4 (Intelligent Architecture), ccovering the Conceptual Business Architecture

The purpose of this deliverable was to develop an open architecture (i.e. system design requirements) for recharging infrastructure to enable the system to be operated and managed effectively while also enabling compatibility between different business models. This appendix supports Section 3 (Business Design), and consists of

• ExecutiveOverview
• Introduction
• Development of the Model
• Evolutionary Models
• Possible Further Use of the CBM

The Plug-in Vehicle Economics and Infrastructure Project is a core element of Electrification of Transport within Test Bed UK. The ETI will utilise the outputs of the project to support, inform and facilitate effective long-term benefits from the investments being made around the UK. The two primary objectives are:

1. Evaluate the potential role and economics of plug-in vehicles in the low carbon transport system: generate a quantified understanding of the market potential, cost models and carbon benefits case under defined scenarios of infrastructure investments, government intervention packages and finance model options across a number of key plug-in vehicle type/size/capability points; and
2. Develop the technology tool-kit for delivering an intelligent infrastructure: create a verified open interoperability architecture and generate information to aid infrastructure planning (e.g. to indicate how many recharging points are needed and where they should be located, what mix of power levels are required, how the impact of plug-in vehicle recharging on the electricity distribution network should be managed, how the overall system can be simplified for consumers, etc).

The Electricity Distribution and Intelligent Infrastructure project (TR1002) is comprised of six Work Packages. This is Appendix C1 to the final report for WP2.4 (Intelligent Architecture), covering the Conceptual Application Architecture

The purpose of this deliverable was to develop an open architecture (i.e. system design requirements) for recharging infrastructure to enable the system to be operated and managed effectively while also enabling compatibility between different business models. This appendix supports Section 4 (System Design), and consists of

• ExecutiveOverview
• Introduction
• Overall Conceptual Component Relationship Diagram
• Conceptual Component Relationship Diagrams – Evolutionary Phases .
• Conceptual Component Relationship Diagrams – Static Relationship View
• Conceptual Application Architecture - Component Descriptions
• Conceptual Application Architecture – Component Interaction Matrix
• Overview of potential component context for domestic charging
• Conceptual Application Architecture – Logical Layers