Results: Searching for 'Energy Generation Plants'

This document is a report for the project titled 'Advanced Optimisation - Coal Fired Power Plant Operations'.

In recent years the efforts to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from power stations have resulted in operational modifications including the fitting of low - NOx burners. These modifications are expensive and generally have an adverse effect upon plant performance, resulting in an increase in unburnt carbon. To reduce these adverse effects, on-line optimisers have been developed as an enhancement to the power station's digital control system (DCS). GNOCIS (Generic NOx Optimisation Control Intelligent System) is the main optimiser used within the UK. This is a neural network based optimiser that takes various control parameters such as mill feeder speeds, excess oxygen, burner tilt and load as inputs and predicts the resultant NOx emissions and carbon-in-ash levels. In fact the models are usually used in reverse with boiler control settings being provided by the model to optimise the emissions.

The success of the boiler optimisation models has suggested that on-line optimisation can be used in other parts of the power station, eg thermal efficiency, electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Although each local optimiser is able to perform its task well individually there will be occasions when the individual packages will provide conflicting advice. The purpose of this unit optimisation project is to develop an integrated approach to unit optimisation and develop an overall optimiser that is able to resolve any conflicts between the individual optimisers.

1. Introduction
2. Project Members
3. Individual Optimisers
4. On-Line Thermal Efficiency Package
5. GNOCIS/Boiler
6. GNOCIS/Turbine
7. ESP Optimisation
8. Intelligent Sootblowing System (ISBS)
9. Unit Optimiser
10. Software Implementation
11. Handling Conflict Among Optimisers
12. On-Line Power Plant Optimisers in the UK
13. Recommendations
14. Conclusions
15. References

This document is a report for the project titled 'Advanced PF Power Plant - Improved Materials for Boilers and Steam Turbines'.

In 1997 the Foresight Task Force identified advanced pulverised fuel technology as having the greatest market potential of the Clean Coal Technologies over the following 15 years. This task force, together with the Institute of Materials task force on materials, highlighted that the economic and environmental performance of this technology was currently limited by the performance of high temperature materials for boilers and steam turbines. As a consequence of this, the required R&D programmes perceived as being necessary for the development of improved materials were outlined.

This programme is receiving support through the EC's Thermie framework and from the DTI. It has a far longer timescale to fruition than the present initiative, as it will require inclusion of a demonstration phase. The technology involved in the present programme will be commercially exploitable much earlier, and, even after introduction of technology based on nickel based alloys, it will continue to be competitive in markets particularly sensitive to capital cost rather than through-life cost. The present programme is implemented through a wider European collaboration under the auspices of COST 522; as such collaboration reduces the costs of implementation and ensures that the UK remains abreast of the state-of-the-art in this technology.

1. Background
2. The Cost Framework of Programmes
3. Technical and Economic Value
4. Boiler Group Activities
5. Steam Turbine Group Activities
6. Common Activity Goals
7. Plant Integration and Ancillary Components Group
8. Conclusions
9. Acknowledgements
10. References
11. Abbreviations Used in Text

This document is a profile for the project titled 'Improved Materials for Boilers and Steam Turbines'.

The principal aim of this project was to develop and demonstrate the suitability of advanced materials and components for the power industry. Such materials and components were aimed at steam temperatures of 620 - 650°C. Specific areas covered were:

This document is a profile for the project titled 'Impact on Plant Performance and Ash Disposal'.

This document is a summary for the project titled 'Impact on Plant Performance and Ash Disposal'.

This project has shown that ash re-firing is both technically and financially viable on existing coal fired power plant. It is believed that commercial scale replication of the concept could be undertaken by plant operators using the data gathered by this project as the basis for a full scale development.

This document is the final report for the project titled 'Assessment of Ash Re-firing and Mineral Addition - Impact on Plant Performance and Ash Disposal'.

Pulverised coal fired generation plant will continue to play a major role in the world-wide electrical power market for the foreseeable future. Emission standards have become tighter in recent years and coal fired plant has been required to become more flexible in terms of operating regimes. The changes have led to increases in the levels of unburnt carbon in ash, deposition patterns in boilers as well as increased pressure on the performance in electrostatic precipitators.

This project, to investigate if ash refiring and mineral addition were viable methods of improving boiler efficiency and reducing emissions, was supported by the DTI as part of its Cleaner Coal Programme. The project involved the collaboration of two generators (RWE npower and TXU Europe), a major coal supplier (UK Coal) plus two university groups (Imperial College London and the University of Sheffield)

1. Introduction
2. Project Overview - Aims, objectives and work programme
3. Coals and minerals selected for the project
4. Mineral addition trials on the Entrained Flow Reactor
5. University of Sheffield MSc projects
6. Pilot scale trials of ash re-firing
7. Pilot scale trials of mineral additions
8. Characterisation of coals, ashes, minerals and deposits
9. The nature of fly ash and its ability to be collected in electrostatic precipitators
10. Power station evaluation of ash re-firing
11. Techno-economic assessment
12. Conclusions
13. List of Participants

The aim of this project was to further develop micro turbine indirect firing and to develop this into a biomass generator, building on the success of the previous project. The system was redesigned and rebuilt using the experience gained and the recommendations reported in our last project. The efficiency, maintenance and safety of the system was improved through this development project.

The Specific aims were:

The main achievements of these projects are:

1. Introduction
2. Re-evaluation and Design
3. Initial Testing
4. Long Term Testing
5. Results and Discussion
6. Conclusions
7. Recommendations
8. Acknowledgements

• D3.3: Parameterised sub-system models
• D3.4: Model requirements and specifications and modelling strategy
• D3.5: Model and sub-model user documentation

• T6 denotes dedicated biomass oxy-firing combustion
• T7 Biomass combustion, with CO₂ capture by post-combustion carbonate looping
• T8 Dedicated biomass chemical-looping-combustion using a solid oxygen carrier

This report explores ways of enhancing the resilience of the UK energy system to withstand external shocks and examines how such measures interact with those designed to reduce CO2 emissions. The concept of resilience explored and a set of indicators is developed to define quantitatively the characteristics of a resilient energy system. In the report we systematically test the response of the UK energy system under different scenarios to hypothetical shocks. These are all assumed to involve the loss of gas infrastructure. We then assess mitigating measures which can help to reduce the impact of these shocks and test their cost effectiveness using an insurance analogy.

This document is a report for the project titled 'Carbon Burnout Project - Coal Fineness Effects'.

Carbon-in-ash presents an obvious cost to coal-fired generation plant in terms of lost fuel. High levels of carbon-in-ash can also inhibit the efficiency of electrostatic precipitators, which in turn can lead to increased particulate emissions, while the potential for selling fly-ash is dependent upon the level of carbon in the ash and excessive levels can result in additional disposal costs.

The aim of DTI project 226 has been to establish good quality plant and rig data to demonstrate the effect of changing coal fineness on carbon burnout in a controlled manner, which can then be used to support computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and engineering models of the process. The project was designed to achieve this through:

The full scale plant trials were successfully completed at Powergen's Kingsnorth Power Station, establishing plant data that demonstrates the effect of changing coal fineness on carbon burnout in a controlled manner. A full set of tests were also completed on Powergen's CTF, operating with four different fuel grind sizes. During these tests both carbon-in-ash and NOX levels were seen to increase with increasing fuel particle size.

1. Introduction
2. Programme of Work
3. Discussion of Results
4. Conclusions
5. Future Work
6. Acknowledgements
7. References
8. Figures

The objectives of this project are to:

The primary aim and objective of the work is to develop the technical and economic information that will assist existing or future owners and investors in the power industry to evaluate the advantages of utilising coal based syngas generated in a Gasification Enabling Module (GEM) to refuel existing NGCC plants which have the capability to remove 85% or more of the CO2 prior to combustion. To achieve this objective, the study will evaluate GEMs located both adjacent and remote from existing NGCC plants and will evaluate the performance of the GEMs both before and after carbon capture. The results to date on these flow schemes are based on preliminary conceptual technical evaluations and preliminary cost estimates.

A briefing paper Dr Christophe McGlade and Professor Paul Ekins, UCL Institute for Sustainable Resources and UCL Energy Institute, University College London; Professor Michael Bradshaw, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick; and Professor Jim Watson, UK Energy Research Centre.

The research on which this brief paper draws was carried out by the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC). The views expressed are those of the authors, rather than of any institution to which they may be affiliated.

Two recently published reports (McGlade & Ekins (2015), McGladeet al.(2014)) examine possible futures for fossil fuels, with a particular focus on the bridging role that natural gas may be able to play during a transition to a global low-carbon energy system. A related report (Bradshawet al.2014) considers the UKs global gas c

• Power Plant Siting Study (PPSS) -delivered for the ETI by Atkins
• System Requirements For Alternative Nuclear Technologies (ANT) - deliveredfor the ETI by Mott MacDonald with technical support from Rolls-Royce
• In-house ETI energy system modelling and analysis incorporating the learning from the PPSS and ANT projects

• Low cost heat networks
• The use of syn-gas generated from EfW technologies to create fuels / chemicals�
• The use of pyrolysis to create transport fuels�
• The injection of bio-gas and syn-gas from EfW technologies into the gas grid�
• The injection of bio-gas and syn-gas from EfW technologies into the gas grid with CCS

• Applying forecast values for low to high waste availability and conversion efficiencies, the amount of useful energy from waste (both heat and power) which may be generated ranges from 5 to 230TWhrs.
• Projected achievable electrical generation is approximately 25TWhrs per year
• This equates to between 5% and 8% of the UK?s electricity demand
• For each of the technology and waste arisings scenarios, the deployment of advanced energy from waste technologies is projected to contribute to a net decrease in UK CO₂e emissions of between 5 and 10 MTCO₂e/year at midpoint technology conversion and waste arisings scenarios
• Greater emissions reductions are associated with high total conversion efficiency technologies, both to electricity and from utilising heat.

• The Technology Evaluation Criteria to allow the technologies assessed within the project to be compared;
• The financial modelling approach and key assumptions for the calculation of the benefits; and
• The definition of the existing market and baseline technologies to compare against the proposed optimisation and improvements.

• A - Summary of Work Packages
• D - Modelling user manual for WP4
• E - Task 4.1 Project framework deliverable
• F - Technology development opportunities for EfW
• G - Pre-treatment and gas cleaning
• H - Summary of technology readiness for use with wastes

• Biogas cleaning and compression (for gas grid or vehicle use) for Medium Scale AD plant applications generating around 300kW and 1500 kW of biogas (Type 2) applications
• Multi-stage AD plant for Type 2 applications
• Thermo-chemical pre-treatment of wastes to increase biodegradability of feedstock
• Single stageAD plant for dairy farms (Type 3)

• Single stage AD technology is relatively inefficient with respect to semi-solid waste, but will continue to be applied, with some modification, as it provides greater flexibility when feedstocks are prone to change from season to season or even daily.
• Multi-phase AD provides greater energy yield, but is relatively more costly (tankage, quality of digestate, high level of control etc).
• Pre-hydrolysis involving the use of chemicals or enzymes may prove too costly (the digestate will require different handling) to reach financial viability, but it will be important to keep abreast of the development with second and third generation biofuels, which look more promising.
• Hydrolysis of the hemicellulose and cellulose fractions of ligno-cellulosic materials is still at the development stage, although there are plans for demonstrations in the EU and USA. It is not clear whether this should be a priority for the UK at present, since the same feedstock could potentially be used in more efficient thermal processes such as gasification and pyrolysis.

1. The opportunity for Energy from Waste in the UK
2. Makes recommendations regarding Technology Development Opportunities needed to take advantage of the opportunities identified.

• WP1: UK Waste arisings
• WP2: Technology Assessment
• WP3: System Modelling

• Distributed scale advanced thermal integrated systems for wastes
• Cost effective gasification gas clean-up, in accordance with a system solution
• Low cost, high efficiency distributed scale integrated AD systems
• Integrated distributed energy from waste facilities incorporating: thermal and AD technologies to maximise resource efficiency.

This document is a summary report for the project titled 'Enhanced Efficiency Steam Turbine Blading - For Cleaner Coal Plant'.

The aim of this project was to increase the efficiency of the short height stages typically found in high pressure steam turbine cylinders. For coal fired power plant, this will directly lead to a reduction in the amount of fuel required to produce electrical power, resulting in lower power station emissions. The continual drive towards higher cycle efficiencies demands increased inlet steam temperatures and pressures, which necessarily leads to shorter blade heights. Further advances in blading for short height stages are required in order to maximise the benefit. To achieve this, an optimisation of existing 3 dimensional designs was carried out and a new 3 dimensional fixed blade for use in the early stages of the high pressure turbine was developed.

The milestones for the project were defined around the following specific objectives:

The work that CCLRC undertook on the ALSTOM C.F.D. code was very successful. The 3-D flow solver code supplied by ALSTOM was analysed and two methods of parallisation implemented. The OMP method of parallisation is only suitable for use on "shared memory" multi-processor computers. The MPI method of parallisation is suitable for use on "distributed memory" computers, sometimes know as "Beowulf Clusters", which tend to be significantly cheaper to buy than large shared memory computers of similar processing power. As a result of this work, ALSTOM Power have purchased a Beowulf Cluster, and it has become the main workhorse of the Aerodynamics Group.

1. Introduction
2. Analysis of the Project
3. Improved Computational Grid Generation
4. Optimisation of Current Controlled Flow Design
5. Development of Very Short Height Fixed Blades
6. Improved Methods for Producing Model Turbine Components
7. Model Turbine Test of Very Short Height Fixed Blade
8. Summary and Conclusions

The aim of this project is to increase the efficiency of the short height stages typically found in high pressure steam turbine cylinders. This will directly lead to a reduction in the amount of coal required to produce electrical power, resulting in lower power station emissions. In order to do this, the following tasks must be undertaken:

The benefits of the project include:

The aim of this project was to increase the efficiency of the short height stages typically found in high pressure steam turbine cylinders. For coal-fired power plant, this would directly lead to a reduction in the amount of fuel required to produce electrical power, resulting in lower power station emissions. The continual drive towards higher cycle efficiencies demands increased inlet steam temperatures and pressures, which necessarily leads to shorter blade heights. The specific objectives were as follows:

The objectives of this project are:

This project was set up by E.ON to investigate ways of putting a monetary cost to plant inflexibility. The project was undertaken in collaboration with UMISTs Department of Process Integration, who are world leaders in the science of process optimisation and who possess the necessary optimisation and computing expertise. The DTIs interest is primarily because of the importance of this subject to IGCC; however, the issue is of general applicability to all types of generating technology.

The objectives for this project are:

Improved efficiency in coal-fired power plant can be achieved by increasing steam temperatures and pressures, and this has been made practically possible over a number of years by the development of steels with improved creep strength enabling operation up to 600-620°C at present. In Europe a new initiative (COST 536) has been launched, entitled 'Alloy Development for Critical Components of Environmentally Friendly Power Plant (ACCEPT)', and encompasses all stages in the development and validation of advanced steels capable of operation at temperatures up to 650°C. The primary route of achieving this is through the development of new alloying and coating concepts.

This project focuses on the validation testing of the capabilities of a new class of steels and their weldments at temperatures up to 650°C and the longer term qualification of advanced steels developed under COST 522. The project has been accepted for inclusion in the COST 536 initiative.

This document is the final report for the project titled 'Gas Turbines Fired on Coal Derived Gases - Modelling of Particulate and Vapour Deposition'. This report is titled 'Alkali Salt Vapour Deposition on Gas Turbine Blades.'

The following report describes the development of a computer program for calculating deposition rates of alkali salts from two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer flows on turbine blades. The description of the program was originally submitted as the Milestone 1 Report of the project. This description is included here, but with additional sections summarising the background and theoretical approach of the work and the application of the code to an example cleaner-coal turbine.

The development and testing of the new code involved:

1. Conducting a literature search for thermochemical data on the alkali oxide/hydroxide system;
2. Deriving appropriate thermochemical constants and parameters;
3. Revising the existing models to incorporate the alkali oxides and hydroxides;
4. Incorporating the new model into a computer program to estimate the boundary layer diffusion and surface deposition rates of the alkali salts;
5. Performing sample test calculations with the new computer program.

There is considerable potential for exploitation of the existing computer code. As it stands, the code should be of interest to those companies involved in the design and manufacture of the type of heavy-duty industrial gas turbine which will be required in the future for coal-fired operation. The main companies operating worldwide are General Electric in the United States, Alstom in the United Kingdom, Siemens in Europe, and Mitsubishi and Hitachi in Japan. The Whittle Laboratory at Cambridge University has close contact with most of these (and other) companies and it is proposed to investigate the possibilities for marketing of the code and establishing other consulting arrangements.

There is also potential for further scientific development of the thermochemical modelling. Although attention has been confined in the present project to the salts of sodium and potassium and their behaviour in high temperature gas flows, the method of analysis is fairly general and could be extended to encompass other situations. For example, two problems of current interest which might respond to similar modelling techniques are the transport of corrosive vanadium salts to gas turbine blades in conventional gas turbines and corrosion of steam turbine blades by sodium salts present in the feedwater. In the United Kingdom, companies such as Rolls-Royce, Alstom and Siemens will be approached for discussion on the possibility of extending the modelling to deal with these and other technical problems.

1. Introduction
2. Outline of the Theory
3. The Computer Program 'VAPOURDEP'
4. Testing and Validation of the Program

The remainder of the report consists of a user manual for VAPOURDEP written by J.B. Young, and Appendices:

• Appendix 1 - Equilibrium of Sodium and Potassium Species in the Gas Phase
• Appendix 2 - Species Conservation Equation
• Appendix 3 - Grid Generation
• Appendix 4 - Finite Volume Solution of the Species Continuity Equations
• Appendix 5 - Specification of the Initial Concentration Profiles
• Appendix 6 - Calculation of Mass Transfer Coefficients
• Appendix 7 - Equilibrium at the Gas-Deposit Interface
• Appendix 8 - Thermodynamic Properties

• Options for hydrogen production
• Techno-economic definition of the selected hydrogen production options
• Characterisation of basic design requirements for a cost effective hydrogen store
• Requirements / options for hydrogen turbines
• Economics of hydrogen pipelines
• Effects of hydrogen purity

• Identification of potential salt cavern locationswithin UK and first 25 miles of UK Continental Shelf;
• Salt cavern cost structure;
• HSE challenges of cavern construction and operation;
• Managing loss of containment;
• Licensing and build timeline;
• Alternative cavern use; and
• Landscapingstudy of alternatives to salt caverns.

The objectives for this project are:

The overall aim of the project was to develop new tools for the reliable and rapid prediction of combustion efficiency of coals in pf-fired utility boilers. This would give the ability to improve fuel selection and chose the most appropriate burner and boiler design for a given fuel.

The conclusions of this project are:

The aims of this project were:

This project is concerned with the design and demonstration of a high efficiency cyclone grit arrester which could potentially achieve a particulate collection efficiency of in excess of 98%, making it suitable for reducing the emissions from boilers of this size and type.

The successful particulate and emission reductions would enable coal to be a viable fuel for heating and process applications in the smaller range of boilers in terms of environmental acceptability.

The conclusions from this project are:

There are thousands of coal-fired boilers in the commercial and industrial sector throughout the world with the biggest impact on the environment being particulate emissions. The market area in terms of boiler output is from 0.6MWth - 6.5MWth output and the number of boilers when aggregated, results in a large potential source of pollutants. The types of combustion equipment commonly used in this sector in China, India, and the CIS are chain grate or travelling grate stokers.

The results of the trials conducted in this project exceeded expectations in terms of measured particulate emissions with low rates being achieved in both high and medium fire tests, significantly below the 150mg/m³ proposed in the Small combustion Plant Directive. If further work was carried out then it could be possible to achieve further reductions in emissions as some of the test results showed emissions levels at around 50-60mg/m³.

1. Introduction
2. Technical background to the project
3. Grit arrestor design and installation
4. Commissioning of boiler
5. Cyclone blow down test work
6. Test results and discussion
7. Technology suitability and efficiency to selected coals from targeted countries
8. Identification of hierarchy of export opportunities
9. Dissemination of information

This proposal is concerned with improving the design, efficiency and environmental performance of low-grade coal burning appliances - commonly used in China, India and the former Soviet Union (FSU) - which produce unacceptable environmental pollution mainly in the form of particulate emissions. In the initial draft of the small combustion plant directive limits for particulates are set at 150 mg/m³ for boilers less than 10 MW, and 50 mg/m³ for those between 10-50 MW. These suggested figures raise considerable challenges for industry. Our objectives are therefore:

For new boiler plant the successful particulate and emission reductions would enable coal to be a viable fuel for heating and process applications in the smaller range of boilers. In countries such as India, China and the FSU that currently burn low-grade coal as their primary energy source, the impacts of this work could be essential to its future use.

UKERC co-hosted a meeting last month with DECC and ETI to seek input and feedback on plans for the 300 million in heat network capital expenditures announced in the government's Spending Review. Amber Sharick, UKERC Business Engagement Manager, and Jan Webb, UKERC Researcher & Professor of Sociology of Organisations, University of Edinburgh, report on the discussions.

The Merlin Wind Turbine Installation System has been designed and patented by The Engineering Business Ltd (EB). This project, phase 1 of the development, comprises a feasibility study carried out by EB, and part funded by the DTI with the key objective of 'Investigating the technical and economical viability of the Merlin system as an alternative technique for installing offshore wind turbines'.

This is the final report of the project, encompassing all project activities completed by EB to determine the fundamental engineering principles and the economics to support the system design.

The feasibility study concludes overall that:

1. Introduction
2. Turbine Installation Vessel (TIV) Requirements
3. Conventional Installation Principles
4. The Merlin Installation System Concept
5. Development Challenges
6. Merlin Installation System Specifications
7. Offshore Operations
8. Investigation of Dynamic Forces
9. Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
10. Turbine to Foundation Interfaces
11. Economics of Merlin
12. Merlin Installation System SWOT Analysis
13. Summary of Conclusions

• Appendix A - Extracts from Melbourne Marine Services Assessment of Operability and Stability
• Appendix B - FEA of Merlin wind turbine tower

The objectives for this project are:

Tidal energy is a largely untapped natural renewable energy resource and approximately 92% of available UK tidal energy resource exists in deep water.

SMD Hydrovision (SMDH) is a company with over 30 years experience designing subsea machinery and has developed the TidEl concept to exploit this resource.

TidEl consists of a pair of turbine/generators that are fixed together by a cross beam and secured to the seabed using a novel mooring system.

It is planned in this project to install a 1MW TidEl device at the EMEC facility off Eday in the Orkney Isles in 2006, where it will be subject to extensive testing over a prolonged period.

Numerical modelling of a WEC is presented in this paper along with some details of the experimental setup. Issues related to the numerical modelling of the single DOF (degree-of-freedom) motion of a surging point absorber WEC (wave energy converter) are outlined and a comparison with experimental data is presented. A commercial CFD code Flow-3D has been used for the numerical modelling and the ability of the code to simulate free surface linear waves and wavestructure interaction is evaluated in this paper.

The work is aimed at simulating a surging wave energy converter to achieve an optimized shape and to predict output power at a higher or full scale. The findings of this study may also serve as a reference point for the use of a commercial code such as Flow-3D for simulating such problems.

1. Introduction
2. Wave Tank Experiments
3. Numerical Modelling
4. Results
5. Conclusions and Future Work

• Introduction to ETI and ESME, ETI’s modelling tool integrating power, heat, transport and infrastructure providing national / regional system designs
• Energy System Scenarios
• Offshore Wind
• Water Depth
• Wind Resource and Water Depth Compared
• Offshore Wind Turbines
• What do we use for Offshore Wind today?
• Foundation Types
• Floating Wind
  • Tension Leg Platform
  • Engineering Design
  • Cost Study - CAPEX
  • LCoE Forecast
• Conclusions
  • Offshore Wind has a significant role to play in the UK 2050 energy mix
  • With a range of Fixed and Floating foundations, UK can optimise the offshorefleet LCoE
  • Floating Wind has potential to deliver costs at less than £85/MWh from mid-2020s, and further significant cost reduction afterwards
  • Further Work
    • Demonstration at full-scale
    • Geographical distribution and cost optimisation
    • Establish cost of energy potential for other floating technologies

The objectives of this project are:

Retrofit installations of low NO_x systems are often constrained to some extent by the configuration of the existing plant. These practical constraints can be avoided in the design process for new plant. Factors such as the size, number and pitching of burners are selected to optimise furnace performance in terms of heat input, residence time, corrosion, pollutant formation and economics. The identification of optimum burner size and pitch with particular regard to NO_x emissions and carbon burnout is of significant interest.

The typical burner size employed in existing front and opposed wall fired furnaces, of 300 and 500 MWe, is between 40 and 60 MWth. A non-dimensionalised horizontal, vertical and wall clearance pitch of 2.75d was deemed to be representative of all units studied. However, several units feature tighter pitches.

Comparison of physical model data with predictions from a CFD model of the physical model showed reasonable agreement. Mathematical modelling, for the prediction of the flow field within a multi-burner furnace, can therefore be applied with confidence.

For lower NO_x emission, with no carbon burnout penalty, fewer larger burners are preferable to more burners of a lower thermal heat input. Employing larger burners is also economically advantageous.

Modelling predictions were found to be consistent with previous research by IFRF into the effect of burner scaling technique on NO_x emission. When considering constant-velocity scaling, flame chemistry becomes dominant over mixing as scale is reduced and so a higher NO_x emission results from rapid fuel and air mixing.

Fuel gas derived from coal can contain various impurities such as dust and alkali salts, which can deposit on the blades of gas turbines used in cleaner coal systems and lead to increased turbine degradation. It is important to be able to estimate these deposition rates in order to assess different systems.

This project is aimed at:

Many cleaner coal technologies, including the various IGCC and ABGC systems derive their inherently high efficiency by coupling a gasification process with a gas turbine combined cycle unit. The coal is converted into a fuel gas that is then used to fire the combined cycle unit. Gas turbines are designed to operate on clean gaseous fuels such as natural gas, whereas the fuel gas derived from coal will contain various impurities such as dust (ash) and also alkali salts. These can cause deposit build-up, erosion and/or corrosion of the gas turbine blades, leading in turn to increased operating costs, both in terms of replacement blades and the associated down times, and reduced efficiency. Conventional IGCC's can clean the fuel gas to very pure levels using low temperature processes. The ABGC, and second generation IGCC's will use hot gas clean up where the degree of alkali removal and dust capture may not be as efficient. This will improve the efficiency of the plant and lower capital costs, but may have deleterious effects on the gas turbine.

To predict the degree of deposition, erosion and corrosion in the gas turbine, it is first necessary to be able to model (i) the behaviour of small particles within the turbine passages, including their impact on the blades and (ii) the deposition rate of alkali salts on the turbine blades. Current models for deposition are difficult to apply and not always physically accurate. Improved models are needed to provide better estimates of the degradation and determine the degree of cleanliness required in coal-derived fuel gases fed to gas turbines.

A computer program will be developed to calculate the behaviour and deposition of small particles in the three dimensional flow fields typical of gas turbines. This program will incorporate the models for both inertial and turbulent effects, which current models can only consider separately

• A series of tests will be conducted with one turbine located in a fixed position whilst the second turbine is moved longitudinally and laterally throughout the frame of the test platform.
• The tidal turbines fabricated for this project are 1.2 metre diameter (1:10th scale) and are being assembled by Ocean Flow Energy.
• A test platform is being constructed by Wave Barrier Ltd and this will provide the frame to which the turbines and survey instruments will be attached to.
• Following this deliverable, the test rig will be constructed and assembled with rotors, then installed in the EDF flume and calibrated

• Large Gas Turbines – prevalence and role in UK power
• Additional plant to add post combustion Carbon Capture and Storage
• Cost, scale and promoting industrial emissions capture
• Performance requirements as renewables increase - 2030
• Alternative oxy –fired and pre-combustion options

• Introduction
• Project Objectives
• Approach:
  • Overall
  • Designated Ecological Sites
  • Large Units
  • Small Units
  • Total Potential Capacity
• Conclusions:
  • Total Potential Capacity
  • Heat Networks Once Over
  • Dominant Criteria for Large Units
  • Satisfying Heat Networks
  • Progress Towards Operating Plants
• CCS and Nuclear
• Other Opportunities
• Technology Demonstrators

• indicate the capacity of nuclear power likely to be generated from anticipated Gen III+ nuclear plant designs developed at existing nuclear sites, anticipated thermal power station brownfield sites, and new greenfield sites;
• indicate the number of sites likely to be suitable for CCS and identify where there is likely to be a conflict of sites suitable for both technologies (CCS and nuclear);
• identify the individual siting constraints which have greatest impact on the three nuclear expansion scenarios identified;
• through a range of sensitivity studies, identify potential changes in site selection criteria which would be necessary to deliver sufficient sites for the nuclear expansion scenarios;
• make recommendations for the siting characteristics of alternative technologies to make good the shortfall from Gen III+ nuclear; these are expected to include a reduced requirement for cooling water;
• identify other issues, constraints or assumptions which may change over the next 35 years to make more sites available for Gen III+ nuclear capacity; and
• identify preferred locations for nuclear power technology demonstrator sites.

• Introduction to ETI and ESME, ETI’s modelling tool
• Conclusions from published ETI insights – role for nuclear in a low carbon energy system
• Further ETI Projects Relevant To UK SMRs
• Key Elements Of A UK SMR Development Programme
• Developer And Vendor – Typical Relationship From UK GW Reactor New Build Projects
• Approach To The ETI’s SMR Deployment Enablers Project
• Work Breakdown Structure In SDE Analysis
• The Critical Path Of A 2030 Schedule
• Integrated Schedule Leading To FOAK Operations By 2030
• Enabling Activities In The First 5 Years
• Services Required From A UK SMR
• SMRs For CHP – Analysis Of Impact Of Module Size and Thermal Efficiency
• CHP – Comparison With Earlier Work and Impact On Internal Rate of Return
• Exploiting The Economies Of Multiples –UK GDA and Coping With Variants
• Comparison Of Potential Early SMR Sites Using Ranking Factors
• Conclusions - Preparing for deployment of a UK SMR by 2030
• Backup Slides
  • Priorities for the UK energy system
  • Market led Schedule – First Operations 2040?
  • Licensing Preparations From Around 2021
  • Work Breakdown Structure In Detail
  • Economic Impact Of Air Cooling Condensers –Electricity Only and CHP

The following submission is preceded by a tabled summary of the current state of energy research and development and deployment in the UK, technology by technology. This is used as the basis for commentary on the technology potential of:

• Wind
• Photovoltaics
• Hydrogen and fuel cells
• Marine renewables
• Bioenergy
• Groundsource heat pumps
• Microgeneration
• Intelligent grid management
• Energy storage Finally,

UKERC offers its views on the research funding landscape. Recommendations are highlighted in bold.

• the activities comprising the first five years of a development programme for the UK deployment of a Small Modular Reactor
• a timeline with milestones to accompany this programme definition
• the necessary capability of the SMR utility/developer organisation during this phase of a UK SMR development programme

1. Implementation of an First OfA Kind (FOAK) SMR is possible without facilitative action by Government
2. Pre-FID investor confidence is of critical importance for achieving the 2030 timeline
3. For an effective programme to achieve FOAK SMR deployment, significant Governmentcommitment and facilitative action is required from the outset
4. It is insufficient for the first 5 years of the deployment schedule to focus on just GDAand RegulatoryJustification
5. A strong and early marriage is required between developer / operator and vendor
6. The notion of a developer / operator / vendor ‘boot camp’ is proposed as a near-term risk mitigation activity
li>Deployment of a FOAK SMR in the UK is achievable by 2030underthe bounding scenario considered by this study
7. The scale of the recruitment challenge to establish a Nuclear Baseline should not be underestimated, with staged planning essential
8. Regulators will need tobe able to resource-up without adverse influence on current UK nuclear safety activity
9. A co-ordinated public communications plan is required, led by the prospective Licensee, supported by the vendor and facilitated by Government
10. Bounding assumptions were judged to be sound in the context of a deployment schedule leading to a UK FOAK SMR operating by 2030
11. The evidence gathered forms the basis of a toolkit which could be used to test or assess the feasibility of specific scenarios for SMR Deployment in the UK

The schedule for UK FOAK deployment operations would depend upon the associated assumptions. Such options may include:

• A risk-averse deployment plan which focusses on completion of GDA and Regulatory Justification to establish a credible design before commencing work on site specific aspects and developing a credible nuclear operator. This may suggest a schedule with risk of delay to FOAK first operation beyond 2030.
• A deployment plan for a less technology/design ready SMR. GDA would not commence until later in the schedule with possible plans to complete manufacturing and construction in a shorter timeframe.This may suggest a schedule with risk of delay to FOAK first operation beyond 2030.
• Assessment of developer / operators with different characteristics and different working arrangements and modes of engagement with the vendor. For example,a developer with a mature and capable licensee organisation which may suggest an opportunity for an accelerated deployment schedule.
• FOAK deployment at a site identified as potentially suitable for nuclear development in the Nuclear NPS.This may again suggest an opportunity for an accelerated deployment schedule

• the activities comprising the first five years of a development programme for the UK deployment of a Small Modular Reactor
• a timeline with milestones to accompany this programme definition
• the necessary capability of the SMR utility/developer organisation during this phase of a UK SMR development programme

• the activities comprising the first five years of a development programme for the UK deployment of a Small Modular Reactor
• a timeline with milestones to accompany this programme definition
• the necessary capability of the SMR utility/developer organisation during this phase of a UK SMR development programme

1. Implementation of an First OfA Kind (FOAK) SMR is possible without facilitative action by Government
2. Pre-FID investor confidence is of critical importance for achieving the 2030 timeline
3. For an effective programme to achieve FOAK SMR deployment, significant Governmentcommitment and facilitative action is required from the outset
4. It is insufficient for the first 5 years of the deployment schedule to focus on just GDAand RegulatoryJustification
5. A strong and early marriage is required between developer / operator and vendor
6. The notion of a developer / operator / vendor ‘boot camp’ is proposed as a near-term risk mitigation activity
li>Deployment of a FOAK SMR in the UK is achievable by 2030underthe bounding scenario considered by this study
7. The scale of the recruitment challenge to establish a Nuclear Baseline should not be underestimated, with staged planning essential
8. Regulators will need tobe able to resource-up without adverse influence on current UK nuclear safety activity
9. A co-ordinated public communications plan is required, led by the prospective Licensee, supported by the vendor and facilitated by Government
10. Bounding assumptions were judged to be sound in the context of a deployment schedule leading to a UK FOAK SMR operating by 2030
11. The evidence gathered forms the basis of a toolkit which could be used to test or assess the feasibility of specific scenarios for SMR Deployment in the UK

• A risk-averse deployment plan which focusses on completion of GDA and Regulatory Justification to establish a credible design before commencing work on site specific aspects and developing a credible nuclear operator. This may suggest a schedule with risk of delay to FOAK first operation beyond 2030.
• A deployment plan for a less technology/design ready SMR. GDA would not commence until later in the schedule with possible plans to complete manufacturing and construction in a shorter timeframe.This may suggest a schedule with risk of delay to FOAK first operation beyond 2030.
• Assessment of developer / operators with different characteristics and different working arrangements and modes of engagement with the vendor. For example,a developer with a mature and capable licensee organisation which may suggest an opportunity for an accelerated deployment schedule.
• FOAK deployment at a site identified as potentially suitable for nuclear development in the Nuclear NPS.This may again suggest an opportunity for an accelerated deployment schedule

• The Energy Technologies Institute - what do we do?
• Scenario modelling around an affordable energy system transition
• Nuclear in a UK low carbon 2050 energy system
• Importance of investor confidence in nuclear power projects
• Potential schedule for deployment of a UK LWR SMR
• Potential implications regarding waste and spent fuel from moving to an advanced reactor technology
• Conclusions

1. the investability of the “power station project” and
2. the extent to which it will act as an exemplar for future power/CCS projects.

• Introduction to the ETI
• What is a Small Modular Reactor (SMR)?
• Benefits of deploying SMRs in the UK transition to a low carbon economy
• Understanding the steps towards potential deployment
• Update on Phase 1 of the UK SMR competition
• Conclusions

• Role: If SMRs do what proponents claim, SMRs could play a significant role in the UK’s future energy system
• Requirements: SMRs will need to achieve a number of functional and economic energy systems requirements e.g. costs
• Heat: Heatprovision to District Heating networks could be a major benefit to the UK energy system and SMR plant economics
• Role of Government: Deployinga fleet of UK SMRs is likely to require Government co-ordination and intervention
• Backup slides
  • What energy services could SMRs offer?
  • Target vs estimate: Extra-flex
  • IRRs based on estimated CAPEX
  • Technical development assessment framework
  • Non-kWh services

• Objective, Scope and Team
• Introduction to SMRs
• UK energy system to 2050
• Technical work-stream
• Economic work-stream
• Conclusionsul>
• Opportunities
• Challenges
• Economics
• Next Steps

• SMR heat supply (CHP) is technically feasible and easy to implement
• CHP solutions can provide flexible heat and power independently
• CHP improves SMR economics –costs are modest; revenues large
• Different SMRdesign philosophies (module size & efficiency) make little difference to CHP cost or performance
• Many international examples of heat supply to DH networks from large power plants, including nuclear
• Plant cooling technologies that use very little water are technically feasible and could be retrofitted

Clean power technologies have been developed to achieve high efficiencies and low emissions due to stringent environmental regulations. The obvious benefits of clean technologies were adequate while the power market was relatively stable and the plant could operate in base-load condition. However, in the current liberalised power market, electricity prices fluctuate, and thus the operational flexibility plays an important role in the plant profitability.

Powergen and UMIST (Department of Process Integration) have collaborated in a project to develop a means of ascribing a financial value to the operational flexibility (start-up times, ramp rates, minimum stable generation etc) of generating units. The project was partly funded through Powergen (£55k) and partly through support from the DTI's Clean Coal Technology Programme (£50k). This report summarises the Ph.D. study undertaken and presents the results and conclusions.

The basic purpose is to investigate the operational flexibility for power plants generating using coal or heavy fuel oil, in particular looking at Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle plants (IGCCs). The operational flexibility is defined as the ability of the plant to change its operation to respond to the fluctuating electricity prices. The profit that a plant makes is then compared to the profit of a perfectly flexible plant (i.e. instantaneous start-up and shutdown times) to give the cost of inflexibility (Operational Inflexibility Cost (OIC)).

Of the plants studied, the fully integrated IGCC has the best overall thermal performance. The higher the fuel price, the more beneficial it is to operate the IGCC compared with PF plant. In terms of the degree of integration, the fully integrated IGCC has better performance rather than the non-integrated and the partially integrated IGCC plant. The calculated operational inflexibility costs ranged between 0 (for base load operation) and about £2.5M p.a. (for about 55% utilisation) on a 250MW unit.

The overall profitability (excluding fixed costs and capital cost payback) is more dependent on the base capability of the plant than its flexibility. The higher the efficiency of the plant, the less relevant operational flexibility becomes, since high efficiency plant will run base load more often and for longer than lower efficiency plant (if all other factors are equal, such as fuel price, etc). The higher efficiencies of highly integrated IGCCs can offset the cost associated with the longer start up times of the gasifier, due to the increased likelihood of base load running).

1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Theory and Implementation
4. Summary of the Methodology
5. Results
6. Conclusions
7. References

Biomass Engineering Ltd. have demonstrated that their downdraft gasification technology is capable of producing very low tar levels in the producer gas, as independently measured, and have four gasifiers in operation. Developments in the gasifier configuration have led to a very low tar gas, allowing a simplified hot has filtration system to be used. Recent independent analysis of the "tars" from the Mossborough Hall farm gasifier at Rainford, NW England has shown that over 80wt% of the condensable organics in the gas are benzene, toluene, xylene and naphthalene and that problematic tar components in the gas were less than 20 mg/Nm³ under prolonged operation. The gasification technology of Biomass Engineering Ltd. is therefore close to a warrantable commercial reality.

Biomass Engineering Limited has succeeded in developing a downdraft gasifier capable of producing a very low tar, low particulate gas of consistent high calorific value (> 5 MJ/Nm³ for wood feedstocks). However, with the development of a technology capable of handling a well-defined wood, there is a requirement to assess the possibility of using other non-standard fuels, especially as these are more readily available in some locations and where other disposal and transportation options are not economical. To this end this work was concerned with testing a variety of fuels in an existing 80 kg/h (80 kWe) gasification system and measuring a range of process emissions and assess whether they could possibly be used in a downdraft gasifier for gas production for use in a boiler or engine. The fuels used were: dried papermill sludge (briquetted), Dried leather wastes (briquetted), palletwood wastes (and some demolition wood), medium density fibreboard (MDF), panel board (and other chipped pallets), pine/bark mixed waste strippings and renewable biomass fuel (RBF) produced form the organic fraction of MSW.

The Biomass Engineering Ltd. technology is a throated downdraft gasifier and it can be operated using different gas cleaning systems, including cyclones for dust removal, hot gas filter for very high dust capture efficiencies (>99wt%) on low tar gases and a wet scrubbing system for contaminated (volatile metals) and high tar gases. Wastes with high ash contents are more prone to high levels of tar formation. Tests of over 60 hours on each fuel were carried out, except for the RBF, of which there was only a limited quantity and of highly variable quality, which caused various processing difficulties.

Tests on the fuels showed that the high ash feedstocks (>15wt%, RBF and papermill sludge) were problematical in gasifier operation and not unexpectedly gave a producer gas with low heating values in the range of 1-3 MJ/Nm³. The buffings dust, pine/bark mix and the palletwood could be satisfactorily gasified to give a has with a good lower heating value of 4-5 MJ/Nm³. This is the expected value for low ash feedstocks and low tar levels in the gas. Extensive analyses of the feedstocks, the by-products chars and ashes, the producer gas and some of the condensates were made. The RBF fuel was prone to clinker formation on the grate possibly by the formation of low melting eutectic of SiO₂ and CaO (or a derivative). The chars exhibited high carbon conversions of typically over 85wt%.

1. Introduction
2. System Configuration and Operation
3. Operation on Various Feedstocks
4. Product Analysis
5. Conclusions
6. Recommendations
7. Acknowledgements
8. References

• Introduction to the ETI
• Developing the role for nuclear in a UK transition
• What could be the role for SMRs in the UK energy system
• A credible plan for deployment of a UK SMR by 2030
• Cost competitiveness of nuclear as a low carbon technology
• Conclusions

• Introduction to the ETI
• A UK emissions reduction plan and the challenge of decarbonising heat
• Recent projects undertaken by the ETI related to UK nuclear deployment
• The role for nuclear including SMRs in the UK transition to a low carbon economy
• Enabling activities to support UK SMR deployment
• Requirements for advanced nuclear technologies
• Conclusions

• Define the process scheme for the project.
• Provide sufficient input to location selection (plant footprint, inflow connections, out flow connections, utility connections), modelling (plant basis), and estimating (scope definition, contracting basis).
• Provide a convincing basis to a range of stakeholders.

The overall aim of this project is to investigate and develop an integrated, multi-pollutant control approach that targets major reductions in NO_X and mercury emissions from coal-fired plant. The specific objectives of the project are:

Increasing environmental concerns regarding the use of pulverised coal for power generation continue to drive legislation that limits the emissions of pollutant gases to the atmosphere. The current European Union Large Combustion Plant Directive calls for significant reductions in NO_X, SO₂ and particulate emissions from coal-fired power plant over the next few years. Primary NO_X control measures such as low NO_X burners and air staging and secondary (post-combustion) NO_X control measures such as NOxStarTM or SCR, in combination, should provide the potential for significantly higher overall NO_X reductions to meet the most stringent emission limits in a more cost-effective manner than a stand-alone technology for the same level of NO_X control.

This UKERC Research Landscape provides an overview of the competencies and publicly funded activities in coal combustion research, development and demonstration (RD&D) in the UK. It covers the main funding streams, research providers, infrastructure, networks and UK participation in international activities.

UKERC ENERGY RESEARCH LANDSCAPE: COAL COMBUSTION

• Section 1: An overview which includes a broad characterisation of research activity in the sector and the key research challenges
• Section 2: An assessment of UK capabilities in relation to wider international activities, in the context of market potential
• Section 3: Major funding streams and providers of basic research along with a brief commentary
• Section 4: Major funding streams and providers of applied research along with a brief commentary
• Section 5: Majorfunding streams for demonstration activity along with major projects and a brief commentary
• Section 6: Research infrastructure and other major research assets (e.g. databases, models)
• Section 7: Research networks, mainly in the UK, but also European networks not covered by the EU Framework Research and Technology Development (RTD) Programmes
• Section 8: UK participation in energy-related EU Framework Research and Technology Development (RTD) Programmes
• Section 9: UK participation in wider international initiatives, including those supported by the International Energy Agency

This UKERC Research Landscape provides an overview of the competencies and publicly funded activities ingeothermal energy - research, development and demonstration (RD&D) in the UK. It covers the main funding streams, research providers, infrastructure, networks and UK participation in international activities.

UKERC ENERGY RESEARCH LANDSCAPE: GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

• Section 1: An overview which includes a broad characterisation of research activity in the sector and the key research challenges
• Section 2: An assessment of UK capabilities in relation to wider international activities, in the context of market potential
• Section 3: Major funding streams and providers of basic research along with a brief commentary
• Section 4: Major funding streams and providers of applied research along with a brief commentary
• Section 5: Major funding streams for demonstration activity along with major projects and a brief commentary
• Section 6: Research infrastructure and other major research assets (e.g. databases, models)
• Section 7: Research networks, mainly in the UK, but also European networks not covered by the EU Framework Research and Technology Development (RTD) Programmes
• Section 8: UK participation in energy-related EU Framework Research and Technology Development (RTD) Programmes
• Section 9: UK participation in wider international initiatives, including those supported by the International Energy Agency

This UKERC Research Landscape provides an overview of the competencies and publicly funded activities in hydropower research, development and demonstration (RD&D) in the UK. It covers the main funding streams, research providers, infrastructure, networks and UK participation in international activities.

UKERC ENERGY RESEARCH LANDSCAPE: HYDROPOWER

• Section 1: An overview which includes a broad characterisation of research activity in the sector and the key research challenges
• Section 2: An assessment of UK capabilities in relation to wider international activities, in the context of market potential
• Section 3: Major funding streams and providers of basic research along with a brief commentary
• Section 4: Major funding streams and providers of applied research along with a brief commentary
• Section 5: Major funding streams for demonstration activity along with major projects and a brief commentary
• Section 6: Research infrastructure and other major research assets (e.g. databases, models)
• Section 7: Research networks, mainly in the UK, but also European networks not covered by the EU Framework Research and Technology Development (RTD) Programmes
• Section 8: UK participation in energy-related EU Framework Research and Technology Development (RTD) Programmes
• Section 9: UK participation in wider international initiatives, including those supported by the International Energy Agency

This UKERC Research Landscape provides an overview of the competencies and publicly funded activities in marine renewable energy research, development and demonstration (RD&D) in the UK. It covers the main funding streams, research providers, infrastructure, networks and UK participation in international activities.

UKERC ENERGY RESEARCH LANDSCAPE: MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY

• Section 1: An overview which includes a broad characterisation of research activity in the sector and the key research challenges
• Section 2: An assessment of UK capabilities in relation to wider international activities, in the context of market potential
• Section 3: Major funding streams and providers of basic research along with a brief commentary
• Section 4: Major funding streams and providers of applied research along with a brief commentary
• Section 5: Major funding streams for demonstration activity along with major projects and a brief commentary
• Section 6: Research infrastructure and other major research assets (e.g. databases, models)
• Section 7: Research networks, mainly in the UK, but also European networks not covered by the EU Framework Researchand Technology Development (RTD) Programmes
• Section 8: UK participation in energy-related EU Framework Research and Technology Development (RTD) Programmes
• Section 9: UK participation in wider international initiatives, including those supported by the International Energy Agency

This UKERC Research Landscape provides an overview of the competencies and publicly funded activities in nuclear fission research, development and demonstration (RD&D) in the UK. It covers the main funding streams, research providers, infrastructure, networks and UK participation in international activities.

UKERC ENERGY RESEARCH LANDSCAPE: NUCLEAR FISSION

• Section 1: An overview which includes a broad characterisation of research activity in the sector and the key research challenges
• Section 2: An assessment of UK capabilities in relation to wider international activities, in the context of market potential
• Section 3: Major funding streams and providers of basic research along with a brief commentary
• Section 4: Major funding streams and providers of applied research along with a brief commentary
• Section 5: Major funding streams for demonstration activity along with major projects and a brief commentary
• Section 6: Research infrastructure and other major research assets (e.g. databases, models)
• Section 7: Research networks, mainly in the UK, but also European networks not covered by the EU Framework Research and Technology Development (RTD) Programmes
• Section 8: UK participation in energy-related EU Framework Research and Technology Development (RTD) Programmes
• Section 9: UK participation in wider international initiatives, including those supported by the International Energy Agency

This UKERC Research Landscape provides an overview of the competencies and publicly funded activities innuclear fusion - research, development and demonstration (RD&D) in the UK. It covers the main funding streams, research providers, infrastructure, networks and UK participation in international activities.

UKERC ENERGY RESEARCH LANDSCAPE: NUCLEAR FUSION

• Section 1: An overview which includes a broad characterisation of research activity in the sector and the key research challenges
• Section 2: An assessment of UK capabilities in relation to wider international activities, in the context of market potential
• Section 3: Major funding streams and providers of basic research along with a brief commentary
• Section 4: Major funding streams and providers of applied research along with a brief commentary
• Section 5: Major funding streams for demonstration activity along with major projects and a brief commentary
• Section 6: Research infrastructure and other major research assets (e.g. databases, models)
• Section 7: Research networks, mainly in the UK, but also European networks not covered by the EU Framework Research and Technology Development (RTD) Programmes
• Section 8: UK participation in energy-related EU Framework Research and Technology Development (RTD) Programmes
• Section 9: UK participation in wider international initiatives, including those supported by the International Energy Agency

This UKERC Research Landscape provides an overview of the competencies and publicly funded activities in solar energy research, development and demonstration (RD&D) in the UK. It covers the main funding streams, research providers, infrastructure, networks and UK participation in international activities.

UKERC ENERGY RESEARCH LANDSCAPE: SOLAR ENERGY

• Section 1: An overview which includes a broad characterisation of research activity in the sector and the key research challenges
• Section 2: An assessment of UK capabilities in relation to wider international activities, in the context of market potential
• Section 3: Major funding streams and providers of basic research along with a brief commentary
• Section 4: Major funding streams and providers of applied research along with a brief commentary
• Section 5: Major funding streams for demonstration activity along with major projects and a brief commentary
• Section 6: Research infrastructure and other major research assets (e.g. databases, models)
• Section 7: Research networks, mainly in the UK, but also European networks not covered by the EU Framework Research and Technology Development (RTD) Programmes
• Section 8: UK participation in energy-related EU Framework Research and Technology Development (RTD) Programmes
• Section 9: UK participation in wider international initiatives, including those supported by the International Energy Agency

This UKERC Research Landscape provides an overview of the competencies and publicly funded activities in wind energy research, development and demonstration (RD&D) in the UK. It covers the main funding streams, research providers, infrastructure, networks and UK participation in international activities.

UKERC ENERGY RESEARCH LANDSCAPE: WIND ENERGY

• Section 1: An overview which includes a broad characterisation of research activity in the sector and the key research challenges
• Section 2: An assessment of UK capabilities in relation to wider international activities, in the context of market potential
• Section 3: Major funding streams and providers of basic research along with a brief commentary
• Section 4: Major funding streams and providers of applied research along with a brief commentary
• Section 5: Major fundingstreams for demonstration activity along with major projects and a brief commentary
• Section 6: Research infrastructure and other major research assets (e.g. databases, models)
• Section 7: Research networks, mainly in the UK, but also European networks not covered by the EU Framework Research and Technology Development (RTD) Programmes
• Section 8: UK participation in energy-related EU Framework Research and Technology Development (RTD) Programmes
• Section 9: UK participation in wider international initiatives, including those supported by the International Energy Agency

This UKERC Research Landscape provides an overview of the competencies and publicly funded activities in oil and gas research, development and demonstration (RD&D) in the UK. It covers the main funding streams, research providers, infrastructure, networks and UK participation in international activities.

UKERC ENERGY RESEARCH LANDSCAPE: OIL AND GAS

• Section 1: An overview which includes a broad characterisation of research activity in the sector and the key research challenges
• Section 2: An assessment of UK capabilities in relation to wider international activities, in the context of market potential
• Section 3: Major funding streams and providers of basic research along with a brief commentary
• Section 4: Major funding streams and providers of applied research along with a brief commentary
• Section 5: Major funding streams for demonstration activity along with major projects and a brief commentary
• Section 6: Research infrastructure and other major research assets (e.g. databases, models)
• Section 7: Research networks, mainly in the UK, but also European networks not covered by the EU Framework Research and Technology Development (RTD) Programmes
• Section 8: UK participation in energy-related EU Framework Research and Technology Development (RTD) Programmes
• Section 9: UK participation in wider international initiatives, including those supported by the International Energy Agency

This document is a technology roadmap: it provides a guide for mobilising the wave and tidal energy community in the UK down a deployment pathway towards a target of achieving 2GW installed capacity by 2020.

The roadmap is aimed at providing a focused and coherent approach to technology development in the marine sector, whilst taking into account the needs of other stakeholders. The successful implementation of the technology roadmap depends upon a number of complex interactions between commercial, political and technical aspects.

Although this roadmap is technically focused it also considers policy, environmental and commercialisation aspects of the marine energy sector, in order to display and put in context these wider influences.

The roadmap is aimed at technology developers, project developers, policy makers, government bodies, investors (public and private)

This response is a concise summary of the UKERC view on the framework for the delivery of clean coal in the UK. It does not refer to specific questions within the consultation.