Heat - An Energy Data Centre Introductory Guide

Abstract

This guide provides an introduction to the challenges and opportunities surrounding the delivery of energy as heat in the UK, highlighting the sector's significance as the largest contributor to national energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions. Despite some progress in adopting lower-carbon technologies, around 85% of heat remains reliant on fossil fuels—posing risks to energy security, environmental health, and climate goals. Strategies aimed at heat decarbonisation within national, devolved, and local government are outlined, along with policies supporting solutions like retrofit insulation, electrification, heat pumps, biomass, and heat networks. The guide also explores early-stage innovations such as hydrogen, geothermal energy, waste heat recovery, and thermal storage, noting their varying suitability across domestic, commercial, and industrial contexts. A key emphasis is placed on the social dimensions of heat transitions, including user behaviour, decision-making processes, and the need for inclusive engagement. The research landscape described in the document mirrors policy priorities, focusing on making low-carbon heating technologies scalable, economically viable, and socially acceptable. Whole-system modelling and localised planning are presented as vital tools in shaping a fair and resilient heat future.