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Individual dataset held elsewherePublisher: Sam Cooper, University of Bath
Period: 01/01/2030 - 01/01/2050
Rights: CC-BY
This spreadsheet contains the results for the article, "Meeting the costs of decarbonising industry – the potential effects on prices and competitiveness (a case study of the UK)". These include projected impacts for industrial process decarbonisation (costs, fuel use, residual emissions), for key years (2030, 2040, 2050), distributed in the following ways:
The source of the projections and the method to perform the distribution are described in detail in the associated article.
- Directly allocated to industrial sector in which they occur
- Shared between sectors in proportion to the share of GVA of each supply chain
- Embodied in final products
- Embodied in final products, aggregated to consumption patterns
The source of the projections and the method to perform the distribution are described in detail in the associated article.
Publisher: UKDS
Period: 01/06/2022 - 28/02/2023
Rights: Licensed data (restrictions may apply)
The current energy, climate and cost of living crises have affected peoples’ wellbeing, their health, employment and finances showing significant inequalities across population groups and regions. These kinds of challenges entail technological innovation while shifting energy consumption patterns. Yet, the UK transition to Net Zero requires greater transformative change at institutional, infrastructural, sectorial and social levels. Building on Multi Criteria Mapping and survey methods, this paper investigates how citizens value energy demand reduction options for communities’ wellbeing and identifies multiple social, economic, and environmental ‘co-benefits’, often discounted in policy making. While arguing that energy demand mitigation options can improve citizens’ living conditions and quality of life while diminishing energy use and GHG emissions, the paper challenges the adoption of approaches based on conventional economic models to deliver Net Zero. The analysis of two UK-based case studies discloses that citizens prioritise fairness including environmental intergenerational concerns and value restrictions on individuals’ lifestyle choices. The paper calls for better incorporation of citizens’ values in policy on energy demand reduction.
Publisher: UKDS
Period: 01/04/2022 - 09/05/2022
Rights: Licensed data (restrictions may apply)
The FAIR project explored the causes and links between fuel poverty and transport poverty in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It collected interview data to draw up policy recommendations designed to limit the impacts of double energy vulnerability in the transition to a more sustainable future. Tens of millions of households across Europe struggle to afford adequate electricity and heating services and reliable transportation, while recent high fuel prices could lead to an increase in excess winter deaths. Tackling energy and transport poverty is thus of paramount policy importance. Here, we document the drivers and lived experiences of energy and transport poverty in the United Kingdom based on expert interviews. We find a set of policies that resonate with expert planners, implying they have a level of political and social acceptability that other measures may be lacking, notably: mandatory landlord energy efficiency upgrades, increasing the extent of financial assistance to households, cheaper (or even free) bus and train fares and restarting and expanding bus services. We buttress these findings with further suggestions for energy and transport system redesign that better meets emerging principles of energy and social justice.
Publisher: Cox, E, Cardiff University
Period: 15/03/2022 - 10/10/2022
Rights: CC-BY
Public opposition to new energy technology can harm the chances of successful deployment. Less is known about knock-on effects on the wider energy system, including whether such opposition impacts public perceptions of other technologies. Here we present a mixed-methods study into perception spillover, examining whether the controversy over fracking for oil and gas affects public attitudes to two novel low-carbon energy technologies: deep enhanced geothermal systems, and green hydrogen. We argue that perception spillover is multi-faceted, and we conceptualise and test spontaneous, prompted and primed forms, examining how and why particular types occur. Using a nationally-representative UK survey and two focus groups, we show that perception spillover from fracking could lead to widespread negative perceptions of deep geothermal energy, influencing the conditions which deep geothermal would be expected to meet. Conversely, a minority of participants expressed more positive perceptions of green hydrogen because they deemed it dissimilar to fracking.Flexible fund project under the UK Unconventional Hydrocarbons project. Aims to understand the impact of fracking on public perceptions of other energy technologies This is a linked dataset held in the UKDS
Publisher: CSE
Period: 26/02/2021 - 31/12/2021
Rights: Open Access
Impact is a parish-level carbon emission estimator which tells you how people in the parish travel and heat their homes, and other activities in the area that contribute to the local carbon emissions total. It shows territorial and consumption based emissions calculations. Graphical data charts and csv download are available.
Publisher: Scientific Data (journal)
Period: 01/09/2020 - 30/09/2020
Rights: CC-BY
Open geographic data for over 260,000 solar PV installations across the UK, covering an estimated 86% of the capacity in the country, arising from a major crowd-sourcing campaign. The data set focuses in particular on capturing small-scale domestic solar PV, which accounts for a significant fraction of generation but has been poorly documented. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13050869
Publisher: BEIS
Period: 29/06/2020 - 01/03/2022
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
The Electrification of Heat (EoH) demonstration project is funded by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and seeks to better understand the feasibility of a large-scale roll-out of heat pumps in homes across the UK. It aims to demonstrate that heat pumps can be installed in a wide variety of homes and deliver high customer satisfaction across a range of customer groups.This dataset provides data collected by the Delivery Contractors during the participant recruitment, home survey, system design and installation phase of the project. It also contains a unique property ID number which can be used to link this data to future published project datasets. All users are directed to the "Heat Pump Installation Statistics", "Participant Recruitment Report", and "Home Surveys and Install Report" for more information and analysis relating to this data. Additional documentation is also provided as outlined below which indicates what the data is, how the data was collected, and how it may be used.
https://es.catapult.org.uk/project/electrification-of-heat-demonstration/
https://es.catapult.org.uk/project/electrification-of-heat-demonstration/
Publisher: Nature
Period: 01/01/2020 - 31/12/2020
Rights: CC-BY
Global, open-access, harmonised spatial datasets of wind and solar installations from OpenStreetMap data. Also included: user friendly code to enable users to easily create newer versions of the dataset; first order estimates of power capacities of installations. Data article, data, meta data and code available.
Publisher: Directorate-General for Energy
Period: 01/01/2020 - 31/12/2021
Rights: CC-BY
The database of European energy storage technologies and facilities includes: energy storage technologies and their characteristics; front of the meter energy storage facilities in the EU-28, operational or in project, that are connected to the generation and the transmission grid; behind the meter energy storage installed capacity per country. Database and report available.
Publisher: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Period: 01/01/2020 - 31/12/2030
Rights: Open Access (non-commercial use only)
Cost and performance metrics for individual energy storage technologies which track: cost to procure, install, and connect an energy storage system; associated operational and maintenance costs; and end-of life costs. Technologies are: lithium-ion (lithium iron phosphate and nickel manganese cobalt chemistries); vanadium redox flow; lead acid; pumped storage hydropower; compressed air energy storage; and hydrogen. 2020 data and 2030 estimates of costs and performance are available.
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/07/2019 - 30/06/2021
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
Publisher: Cox, E, Cardiff University
Period: 30/04/2019 - 29/04/2024
Rights: CC-BY
Energy systems are changing rapidly, bringing new types of risks, and new forms of potential disruption to energy supplies. Our growing dependence on energy, particularly electricity, means that more than ever we need to plan for disruptions and be prepared for them. What happens during the disruption is important: we need to understand how individuals, communities and organisations experience the event, and what measures can be taken to reduce the overall impacts. This study investigates how people and communities in the city of Glasgow (Scotland) might be expected to respond to a lengthy, widespread disruption to energy supplies. A novel three-stage diary-interview methodology was used to explore energy practices and expectations dependency, and to understand the ways in which peoples experience of disruptions may change in the coming decade. The results show that the most consistent determinant of participants perceived resilience, over and above socio-demographic factors, is their expectations and their degree of dependency on routine. In addition, the results suggest that common assumptions regarding peoples vulnerability may be misplaced, and are shifting rapidly as digital dependency grows, and are sometimes misplaced: in particular, determinants such as age and income should not be seen as straightforward proxies for vulnerability. A new set of indicators of vulnerability are identified. For longer outages, peoples ability to cope will likely decrease with duration in a non-linear step-change fashion, as interdependent infrastructures and services are affected. Community-level actions can improve resilience, and local scales may be more appropriate for identifying vulnerabilities than socio-demographic proxies, but this is only feasible if organisations and institutions are adequately resourced.Recent events have highlighted the potential impact of long, widespread energy supply interruptions, and the need for resilience is likely to create a requirement for greater flexibility from both the electricity and gas systems. This project will examine the engineering risks, and assess the need for new industry standards to drive appropriate action; and conduct a systematic assessment of the impacts of a serious energy disruption on consumers and critical services, such as heating, water, communications, health and transport. This dataset is held in the UKDS
Publisher: Ofgem
Period: 03/12/2018 - 31/12/2021
Rights: Open Access
The Ofgem Energy Company Obligation (ECO) Eligibility System is a tool for confirming which postcodes are eligible for the Home Heating Cost Reduction Obligation (HHCRO). See https://eco.locationcentre.co.uk/help.aspx for more details.
Publisher: UKDS
Period: 18/11/2018 - 30/11/2018
Rights: Rights not recorded
Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading could help address grid management challenges in a decentralizing electricity system, as well as provide other social and environmental benefits. Many existing and proposed trading schemes are enabled by blockchain, a distributed ledger technology (DLT) relying on cryptographic proof of ownership rather than human intermediaries to establish energy transactions. This study used an online survey experiment (n = 2064) to investigate how consumer demand for blockchain-enabled peer-to-peer energy trading schemes in the United Kingdom varies depending on how the consumer proposition is designed and communicated. The analysis provides some evidence of a preference for schemes offering to meet a higher proportion of participants energy needs and for those operating at the city/region (as compared to national or neighbourhood) level. People were more likely to say they would participate when the scheme was framed as being run by their local council, followed by an energy supplier, community energy organization, and social media company. Anonymity was the most valued DLT characteristic and mentioning blockchains association with Bitcoin led to a substantial decrease in intended uptake. We highlight a range of important questions and implications suggested by these findings for the introduction and operation of P2P trading schemes.
Publisher: UKDS
Period: 01/04/2018 - 31/12/2023
Rights: Licensed data (restrictions may apply)
Automated vehicles (AVs) may represent the most profound technological change in road transport since the rise of vehicle mass production, with reductions in energy demand being one of the many anticipated benefits. This project has explored expectations regarding the potential energy-saving benefits of AVs among two groups ‘professionals’ and the general public. The project has used a Delphi study design. The Delphi method offers an exploratory, flexible and iterative technique to obtain insights into what futures might look like when uncertainty is large. This is the case with AVs as much remains unclear if and when fully autonomous vehicles will be introduced on the UK roads and how automation may interact with electrification and a possible shift away from individual ownership towards forms of shared ownership and use. Delphi studies typically consist of several rounds of surveys that are increasingly conducted online in which participants receive feedback between rounds and can adapt their responses and views based on that feedback. Two separate Delphi studies, each consisting of three rounds, were conducted sequentially in 2019-2020. Delphi studies have traditionally been used to build consensus among participants but this often marginalises more radical imaginings of the future and may underappreciate controversies around future developments. This project has, therefore adopted a dissensus-oriented Delphi, which cultivates divergence of views and is particularly appropriate for emergent topics such as the expected effects on transport and energy of vehicle automation.
Publisher: UKDS
Period: 31/03/2018 - 31/12/2023
Rights: Rights not recorded
This data collection includes a User Guide and the anonymised transcripts of 30 semi-structured interviews of #60-90 minutes each, with 31 high household energy consumers, about their homes, appliances, infrastructures, vehicles, and everyday life and travel practices that generate household (domestic and travel-related) energy demand. It also includes the anonymised transcripts of 4 3-hour deliberatively workshops of ~8 public participants and 2 facilitators, one recruited from the interviewees, and the others recruited to represent different levels of domestic and travel-related energy consumption, held to discuss the validity, fairness, effectively and acceptability of four broad policy approaches to reduce (particularly high levels of) household energy consumption: Rationing; Economic (Dis)Incentives; Structural Change; and Behaviour Change
Publisher: UKRI Innovate UK
Period: 01/01/2018 - 31/01/2023
Rights: Rights not recorded
From 2018 to 2023, Innovate UK and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) delivered a major innovation programme focused on smart local energy systems: Prospering from the Energy Revolution.
The programme was funded by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) under the Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund. Its aim: to work with businesses, communities and academics to explore intelligently joining up energy supply, storage and use at a local and regional level.
We live, work and travel in regions, cites, towns and communities. Yet our energy infrastructure is still very centralised – sending energy one way, from bulk supply points to the networks’ edges where we live and work.
This programme asked: what if we could bring together energy supply, storage and use to create energy-smart places, enabled by the latest technologies? Could we balance supply and demand locally, improve flexibility and resilience, save costs and carbon, and create new ways of living with energy?
With £104m of funding from UKRI, the programme funded over 80 projects around the UK, from feasibility studies to large-scale demonstrators.
The result: a rich bank of learning and evidence that will help everyone working to unlock the potential of place-based energy.Publisher: UK Data Service
Period: 30/09/2017 - 29/09/2018
Rights: Licensed data (restrictions may apply)
The Domestic Heating Data from the Energy Systems Catapult Living Lab covers approximately 100 domestic properties and includes data collected directly from sensors in each room: room temperature, room humidity, gas usage, electricity usage, radiator temperatures, boiler temperatures and water temperatures (hot and cold). Also data on how participants use their heating system: the times they request heating, the target temperatures requests and the type of schedule changes made. Also included are local weather data, including forecasts and local observations. The participants were approximately 100 owner occupied homes with gas boilers from across the United Kingdom.
Publisher: UK Data Service
Period: 01/08/2017 - 30/04/2018
Rights: Licensed data (restrictions may apply)
The Welsh Housing Conditions Survey, 2017-2018 (WHCS) provides an estimate of the condition and energy efficiency/performance of the housing stock in Wales. The survey covered all types of housing and all tenures but not vacant properties. As well as the usual topics the survey explored elements that may become an issue in the future, for example climate change (hotter summers, wetter winters etc.) and the housing stock's ability to cope.
Publisher: Centre for Sustainable Energy
Period: 01/01/2017 - 31/12/2017
Rights: Open Access
Centre for Sustainable Energy (CSE) has published a complete list of Great Britain postcodes that are not connected to the mains gas grid, up-to-date for 2017. Also included are the census area and the co-ordinates of the centre of each postcode on the list. NB There are over 381,385 postcodes in this dataset. Please be aware that conversion to other file formats such as .xls may result in loss of data, because not all spreadsheets support a sufficient number of rows. After conversion, please check the number of records before you use the data (the final postcode - ZE3 9JZ - should be in row number 381,386).
Publisher: UK Data Service
Period: 01/02/2016 - 31/01/2019
Rights: Licensed data (restrictions may apply)
Measuring and Evaluating Time-use and Electricity-use Relationships (METER) data on UK household electricity use, activities and other contextual and demographic information. High-resolution household electricity readings with simultaneous activity records of household members. This study is subject to restrictive Secure Access conditions as it contains an additional detailed activities variable. The End User Licence (EUL) version which is the same, but excludes this detailed variable, is available from the UK Data Service under SN 8634. Users are advised to first obtain the standard EUL version of the data to see if they are sufficient for their research requirements.
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/01/2016 - 31/03/2021
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
Quarterly statistics on the roll-out of smart meters in Great Britain, covering meters operating and meters installed. These quarterly updates on the smart meter roll-out in Great Britain report on the numbers operated and installed for: smart meters in domestic properties; smart and advanced meters in smaller non-domestic sites.Data on large suppliers is updated each quarter, with an end-year update which includes details on the whole energy market. Historic data available on request.
Publisher: wholeSEM project
Period: 19/03/2015 - 20/03/2015
Rights: Open Access
Survey of the tendency to regret purchases across 20 product groups. Conducted by YouGov for the wholeSEM project, 19th-20th March 2015. 2,036 responses to an online survey. Results have been weighted and are representative of GB adults. The results were analysed and findings are reported in Skelton & Allwood (2017) Questioning demand: a study of regretted purchases in the UK, Ecological Economics 131, p.499-509
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/01/2015 - 31/12/2049
Rights: Open Access
Energy trends is a quarterly bulletin containing statistics on all major aspects of energy in the UK. Energy trends focuses on the supply and demand of coal, oil, gas, electricity and renewables in the United Kingdom. Data is published a quarter in arrears.Previous editions of Energy trends are available from The National Archives.
Publisher: UK Data Service
Period: 01/10/2013 - 30/09/2018
Rights: Licensed data (restrictions may apply)
Interview transcripts from the Smarter Homes project which explored experiences of living in low carbon homes with a particular focus on the experience of living with micro-generation heating systems. The recruitment materials, information sheet, consent form and topic guide are included with the transcriptions.
Publisher: SP Energy Networks
Period: 05/12/2012 - 27/09/2015
Rights: Licensed data (restrictions may apply)
Flexible Networks for a Low Carbon Future was a Low Carbon Networks Fund innovation trial project, led by SP Energy Networks. As part of the project, network monitoring equipment was installed in eight primary (33/11kV) and over 150 secondary (11kV/415V) substations in three test areas
SP Energy Networks are pleased to provide access to the complete data set (which is hosted by the University of Strathclyde) in response to requests.
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 22/10/2012 - 31/12/2049
Rights: Open Access
Publisher: Customer Led Network Revolution (CLNR) project
Period: 01/10/2012 - 31/12/2014
Rights: CC-BY-SA
The Customer-Led Network Revolution project assessed the potential of novel smart grid network technologies, new commercial arrangements and customer flexibility solutions to find cost-effective ways to prepare UK electricity networks for the future. Datasets include Enhanced profiling of domestic customers electric hot water immersion heating & storage heating; Real-Time Thermal Rating for Extra High Voltage Underground Cables; Enhanced Automatic Voltage Control for Low Voltage Network Regulator; and many more Many resources available including datasets, analysis, reports and videos. The datasets are in the Project Library: search for Dataset to find them, including an overview guide to the datasets.
Publisher: National Grid
Period: 01/01/2012 - 31/12/2049
Rights: Open Access
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/01/2012 - 31/12/2019
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/04/2011 - 31/03/2013
Rights: Licensed data (restrictions may apply)
The English Housing Survey (EHS), 2012: Fuel Poverty Dataset is derived from the 2012 EHS database. The dataset is the outcome of analysis conducted to produce estimates of the number of households living in fuel poverty in England in 2012. Previously, a household was defined as being fuel poor if they spent more than 10% of their income on fuel. The English Housing Survey, 2012: Fuel Poverty Dataset is derived from the 2012 EHS database created by the DCLG. This database is constructed from fieldwork carried out between April 2011 and March 2013. The midpoint of this period is April 2012, which can be considered as the reference date for the fuel poverty dataset.
Publisher: CREDS
Period: 01/01/2011 - 31/12/2020
Rights: Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-By)
The Place-based Carbon Calculator (PBCC) is a free tool which estimates the per-person carbon footprint for every Lower Super Output Area (LSOA) in England. LSOAs are small statistical areas with a population of about 1,500 - 3,000. Includes data on housing, transport and other consumption emissions. Bulk download data and further information about the data sets are available at https://www.carbon.place/data/.
Publisher: National Grid
Period: 01/01/2011 - 31/12/2049
Rights: Open Access
A forecast of gas use in the UK in the next ten years, with different scenarios based on different assumptions about supply, demand, legislative change and asset health. Published annually. The PDF chapters provide the overview and context. The maps, charts and tables are in the appendices. The data supporting each chapter can be downloaded to Excel.
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/01/2011 - 31/12/2016
Rights: Open Access
The non-gas map is a detailed map of Great Britain showing the distribution of properties without a gas grid connection across local authorities, LSOAs (lower-level super output areas) and, for registered users, postcodes. It also provides other information about properties and residents, from the type of house or flat to the type of heating and tenure. The data sources are as follows: Off-gas-grid properties, ECO and energy efficiency measures: BEIS. Tenure, central heating type, number of bedrooms (England/Wales) or rooms (Scotland): ONS (2011 census). Domestic Energy Performance Certificates: DCLG. Rural-urban designation: DEFRA, Scottish government. Indices of multiple deprivation: ONS, Welsh Government, Scottish Government. Claimant count: DWP, Scottish Government.
Publisher: UKDS
Period: 01/01/2011 - 31/01/2024
Rights: Open Access
This data collections consists of data and documentation produced to examine the spatial and social differences in people’s lack of access to adequate energy and transport services in the United Kingdom (UK). The work responds to the need for developing a differentiated understanding of both the drivers and expressions of this ‘double energy vulnerability’, while seeking to integrate and analyse relevant information from all four UK nations. Using a variety of statistically representative census and survey datasets, the project developed a series of multi-dimensional indices to map transport- and energy-related injustices. This was followed by a cluster analysis to examine broad-level geographical patterns, and a Geographically Weighted Regression model to explore the spatial variation of vulnerabilities related to contingencies such as income, ethnicity and housing. The work corroborates the results of previous qualitative studies, and research within selected UK nations, while revealing a number of unexpected territorial clusters and underpinnings of infrastructural injustice.
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/01/2011 - 31/12/2022
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
Fuel poverty statistics on households in fuel poverty in rural and urban areas (fuel poverty by rurality). Statistics on the proportion of households that are fuel poor in rural and urban areas, and the average fuel poverty gap (the additional income which would be needed to bring a household to the point of not being fuel poor.)
Publisher: Centre for Sustainable Energy (CSE)
Period: 01/01/2011 - 31/12/2011
Rights: Open Access
The Centre for Sustainable Energy (CSE) has downloaded and compiled selected data relevant to housing and energy use at the lowest available geographical area level from the UK Office for National Statistics 2011 census summary data. Lower Super Output Areas (LSOA) typically contain 70 to 150 households and so cover a relatively small geographical area. The Office for National Statistics publishes summary census data over a range of geographical levels after a national census has been performed. As the 2011 census data has become available, CSE has downloaded and compiled selected datasets at the lowest available geographical area. Output levels typically contain 70 to 150 households and so cover a relatively small geographical area, dependent upon rurality.
CSE has downloaded and joined key data sets from the Office for National Statistics census 2011 website. There are many potentially interesting topics that could be investigated from the data available, and CSE has chosen data that could be relevant to characterising housing and their energy usage.
No processing has been performed on this data, and so for any questions and information about the data users should refer to the Office for National Statistics website. Users should be particularly aware of the statistical disclosure control for 2011 census information.
CSE has downloaded and joined key data sets from the Office for National Statistics census 2011 website. There are many potentially interesting topics that could be investigated from the data available, and CSE has chosen data that could be relevant to characterising housing and their energy usage.
No processing has been performed on this data, and so for any questions and information about the data users should refer to the Office for National Statistics website. Users should be particularly aware of the statistical disclosure control for 2011 census information.
Publisher: Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)
Period: 01/01/2011 - 31/12/2013
Rights: Open Access
The UK Low Carbon Transition Plan plots how the UK will meet its targets on emissions reduction. Original (archived May 2010) - targetting 34% cut in emissions on 1990 levels by 2020, set out in the 2009 budgetThis publication was published under the 2010 to 2015 Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government
First published in December 2011, the Carbon Plan sets out the governments plans for achieving the emissions reductions it committed to in the first 4 carbon budgets.
Emissions in the UK must, by law, be cut by at least 80% of 1990 levels by 2050. The UK was first to set its ambition in law and the Plan sets out progress to date and assesses cost-effective next steps.
Parts 1, 2 and 3 of the report, and Annex A and Annex B set out the governments strategy and fulfil the legal obligation to report on what the UK is doing to ensure it meets carbon budgets set in law.
Annex C sets out, department by department, actions and deadlines for the next 5 years.
Quarterly updates on the implementation of the Carbon Plan are available at
https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/carbon-plan-quarterly-implementation-updates.
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/2010 - 31/12/2017
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
Time series data for the carbon sequestration and air filtration ecosystem services in the urban environment. These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: UKDS
Period: 01/01/2010 - 15/07/2021
Rights: Rights not recorded
We set out to study how the promise of green 5G is produced and circulated. We conducted an analysis of a UK-focused corpus of documents that represent key sites through which the promise of green 5G is produced, circulated and challenged. By the promise of green 5G we refer to an emerging, overarching, dominant expectation that 5G will produce positive environmental sustainability benefits of various kinds. We employed an analytical approach informed by the sociology of expectations and the concept of technoscientific promises. We asked: what are the particular contents of this promise (i.e. the more specific promises and expectations it is built upon), how do enactors seek to boost its legitimacy and credibility, what activities are involved in its production and circulation and what are its present-day material effects, does the promise exclude or overlook alternative options, and is it challenged? We pursued these aims and questions through a document analysis of a diverse corpus (n=260) comprised of UK newspaper articles and newswire results, and reports and webpage content from industry, standardisation bodies and research consortia.
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/01/2010 - 31/12/2019
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency Scheme (CRC) participant information on the basis of their annual reports plus details submitted when they registered for the scheme. Each year, CRC participants have to monitor their energy consumption and report this information into the CRC Registry, an online IT system, which calculates their carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Participants must purchase and surrender 'allowances' to cover these emissions - one allowance for each tonne of CO2. Further information on the scheme can be found on the CRC pages of GOV.UKThe data should be read in combination with the equivalent years CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme: annual report publication which are located on GOV.UK
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/2010 - 31/12/2017
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
Woodland ecosystem services for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, supplementary information. Physical (non-monetary) and monetary estimates of services provided by natural assets in the UK. These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 27/03/2009 - 14/06/2021
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
A list of UK energy infrastructure development applications currently under consideration, it is regularly updated. This document lists current applications under consideration. It includes:
- recommendations from the Planning Inspectorate to the Secretary of State at the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy for decisions on energy infrastructure applications under the Planning Act 2008
- applications for changes to Development Consent Orders
- applications under section 36 under the Electricity Act 1989
- applications for variations to existing S36 consents
- applications for Compulsory Purchase Orders under the Electricity Act 1989 and Acquisition of Land Act 1981
- requests to the Secretary of State for Direction under section 35 of Planning Act 2008
- applications under the Transport and Works Act 1992
Publisher: Centre for Sustainable Energy (CSE)
Period: 01/01/2009 - 31/12/2013
Rights: Open Access
The Centre for Sustainable Energy (CSE) Fuel Poverty Calculator has been updated to account for the new definition of fuel poverty: Low Income Low Energy Efficiency (LILEE).
Fuel poverty is when people have to spend a high proportion of their income to keep their home warm due to a combination of poor housing with inadequate insulation and heating, expensive energy tariffs, and low incomes. One outcome for those in fuel poverty is poor physical and mental health. NICE, which provides evidence-based guidance for NHS and social care professionals, recognises that living in a cold home will make most health conditions worse from childhood asthma to heart disease.
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/08/2008 - 31/03/2021
Rights: Mixed access rights
The Energy Performance of Buildings provides access to Energy Performance Certificates and Display Energy Certificates data for buildings in England and Wales by search and browsing, or via and API, and for individual or bulk download. Access rights are mixed. Some parameters are Royal Mail Copyright and other data fall under the Open Government Licence. For more information see https://epc.opendatacommunities.org/docs/copyrightThe Energy Performance of Buildings Register is the official place for all Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs), Display Energy Certificates (DECs) and Air Conditioning Inspection Reports (ACIRs).This site is has been made available for data analysis. To check for compliance with all regulatory and legal requirements the definitive source of EPCs, DECs and ACIRs is the registers and not the data published on this website.
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/2008 - 31/12/2019
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
Estimates of the value of marine natural capital to people in the UK. These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: UK Data Service
Period: 01/01/2008 - 31/12/2009
Rights: Licensed data (non-commercial use only)
Electricity data measured at one-minute resolution in 22 dwellings over two complete years (2008 and 2009). Each dwelling was fitted with a single meter covering electricity use of the whole dwelling, however, the one-minute resolution allows the switching of individual domestic appliances to be observed. The meters conform to BS EN 62053-21:2003 and measure true active power (taking proper account of the voltage). The study also includes the results of a dwelling characteristics survey which was completed for each dwelling detailing its characteristics and the types of appliances and lighting installed. The data are separated by dwelling (22) and year (2) so there are 44 data files of one-minute resolution domestic electricity use. A short survey of dwelling characteristics is includes; the main topics covered are: general energy use; lighting; and available appliances.
Publisher: Centre for Sustainable Energy (CSE)
Period: 01/01/2007 - 31/12/2007
Rights: Open Access
The Community Energy Saving Programme (CESP) was designed to target the lowest income households living in homes that need significant investment in energy saving measures and low carbon technologies. CSE mined the CESP data stores to develop and publish a database of useful information to assist with this targeting. Ofgem CESP programme page:
https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/environmental-programmes/energy-companies-obligation-eco/previous-energy-efficiency-schemes
CESP Report location:
https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/ofgem-publications/58763/cesp-final-report-2013final-300413.pdf
For super output area (SOA) definitions:
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/census/super-output-areas--soas-/index.html
https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/environmental-programmes/energy-companies-obligation-eco/previous-energy-efficiency-schemes
CESP Report location:
https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/ofgem-publications/58763/cesp-final-report-2013final-300413.pdf
For super output area (SOA) definitions:
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/census/super-output-areas--soas-/index.html
Publisher: UK National Archives
Period: 01/01/2005 - 31/12/2049
Rights: Open Access
This report summarises the modelling work undertaken for the 2003 Energy White Paper using the MARKAL energy model. It describes the scenarios andsensitivities used in the modelling work. It concludes that there is a variety of carbon abatement options across the energy supply sector, in improving energy efficiency and across the transport sector. Total abatement costs are uncertain and vary considerably by scenario andsensitivity but are unlikely to have a significant impact on GDP growth.Innovation and technical progress are key elements in reducing the costs ofcarbon abatement. The report compares the costs from the MARKAL model with those from a range of other models. Most of the studies suggest GDP losses of under 3% in 2050. It looks at the different types of economic models used to analyse abatement costs and the reasons why they might produce varying cost estimates This is now archived.Leach, M, Anderson, D, Taylor, P, Marsh, G (2005). Options for a Low Carbon Future: Review of Modelling Activities and an Update. DTI Occasional Paper No 1, Department of Trade and Industry.
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/01/2005 - 31/12/2014
Rights: Open Access
A sample of 49,815 records selected to be representative of the housing stock (based on Region, property age, property type and floor area band) representative of the national NEED data set (over 27 million records) of energy use and energy efficiency in domestic and non-domestic buildings in Great Britain. A sample dataset of 49,815 anonymised records selected to be representative of the housing stock (based on region, property age, property type and floor area band) representing a subset of the much larger NEED (address level) database.
A larger sample of 4 million records (4,086,448) is available from the UK Data Archive via an end user licence (https://beta.ukdataservice.ac.uk/datacatalogue/studies/study?id=7518).
A larger sample of 4 million records (4,086,448) is available from the UK Data Archive via an end user licence (https://beta.ukdataservice.ac.uk/datacatalogue/studies/study?id=7518).
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/01/2005 - 01/01/2018
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
The total final energy consumption data is an aggregation of the electricity, gas, road transport and residual fuels datasets. Statistics provided at regional and local authority level. Please read the Methodology and guidance before using the statistics. Previous editions are available from The National Archive.
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/01/2005 - 31/12/2049
Rights: Open Access
UK Government has collected and compiled estimates of gas consumption at regional (NUTS1) and local authority levels (LAU1 - formally NUTS 4) using data at meter-point level from the re-structured gas distribution network. In March 2008, this gas consumption dataset gained National Statistics status. This status applies to all data from 2005 onwards. The 2004 data are still classed as experimental.
Publisher: UK Data Archive
Period: 01/01/2005 - 31/12/2012
Rights: Licensed data (restrictions may apply)
Large anonymised sample of 4 million records from the national NEED dataset of energy use and energy efficiency in domestic and non-domestic buildings in Great Britain. The data framework matches gas and electricity consumption data collected for UK Government sub-national energy consumption statistics and records of energy efficiency measures from HEED. It also includes typographic data about dwellings and households obtained from a variety of sources.
UKDA user licensing restructions apply. .
UKDA user licensing restructions apply. .
Publisher: Centre for Sustainable Energy (CSE)
Period: 01/01/2004 - 31/12/2009
Rights: Open Access
UK household energy consumption (quantiles) aggregated by household income (quantiles) developed by Centre for Sustainable Energy (CSE) for the Distributional Impacts Model for Policy Scenario Analysis (DIMPSA), also used under license by the UK Government for assessment of the distributional impacts of Government policy. Underlying Dimpsa is a comprehensive dataset developed of UK household energy consumption. This dataset is derived from the socio-demographically representative sample of UK households surveyed in the Office of National Statistics Living Costs and Food Survey. Data from six of these surveys (2004/5 to 2009) has been combined, generating a sample size of over 36,000 cases.
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/01/2003 - 31/12/2049
Rights: Open Access
UK Government has collected and compiled estimates of electricity consumption at regional (NUTS1) and local authority levels (LAU1 - formally NUTS 4) using aggregated Meter Point Reference Number (MPRN) readings throughout Great Britain as part of government's annual meter point electricity data exercise. In March 2008, this electricity consumption dataset gained National Statistics status. This status applies to all data from 2005 onwards. The 2003 and 2004 data are still classed as experimental.
Publisher: UK National Archives
Period: 01/01/2003 - 31/12/2050
Rights: Open Access
Summary of analyses of options for a low carbon economy (includes MARKAL model results by Future Energy Solutions). This report contains the results of a study, undertaken on behalf of DTI, DEFRA and the PIU, to develop a range of bottom-up estimates of carbon dioxide emissions from the UK energy sector up to 2050, and to identify the technical possibilities and costs for the abatement of these emissions. Three levels of abatement by 2050 have been considered: a 60% reduction relative to emissions in 2000 - approximating to the level considered by the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (RCEP 2000) - plus 45% and 70% reductions relative to 2000 levels. Marsh, G, Taylor, P, Haydock, H, Anderson, D, Leach, M (2003). Options for a Low Carbon Future. DTI Economics Paper No 4, Department of Trade and Industry.
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/01/2002 - 31/12/2021
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
The UK government conversion factors for greenhouse gas reporting are for use by UK and international organisations to report on greenhouse gas emissions. Government produce a new set of conversion factors each year, together with a methodology paper explaining how the conversion factors are derived, and a paper explaining the major changes in the latest years factors.
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/01/2001 - 31/12/2007
Rights: Open Access
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/2000 - 31/12/2018
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
Physical (non-monetary) and monetary estimates of services provided by woodland natural assets in the UK These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: University of Cambridge
Period: 01/01/2000 - 31/12/2013
Rights: Licensed data (non-commercial use only)
A set of maps, graphs and other figures showing countries power consumptions, population densities, and areas, and comparing power consumptions per unit area with the power production per unit area of various renewables. Created Sir David John Cameron MacKay, FRS, FInstP, FICE, Regius Professor of Engineering in the Department of Engineering at the University of Cambridge. From 2009 to 2014 he was Chief Scientific Adviser to the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC). Author of the book Sustainable Energy - Without the Hot AirVarious versions of each map, chart or figure are available depending on the intended use, such as higher resolution for printing and as sequences for presentations.
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1998 - 31/12/2019
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
Physical (non-monetary) and monetary estimates of services provided by natural assets in Scotland. These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1998 - 31/12/2019
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
Physical (non-monetary) and monetary estimates of tourism services provided by natural assets in the UK. These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: ECN Biomass & Energy Efficiency (Energy research Centre of the Netherlands)
Period: 01/01/1998 - 31/12/2049
Rights: Open Access
Phyllis is a database containing information on the composition of biomass and waste. From Phyllis you can obtain analysis data of individual biomass or waste materials or average values for a group of materials. Groups can be selected from one of three classification schemes: the ECN Phyllis scheme, the NTA 8003 scheme (only in Dutch), and the European standard CEN/TS 14961. The latter scheme is used for the BIODAT database, which has been made an integral part of Phyllis. The BIODAT database was developed in co-operation with European partners within the PHYDADES project. BIODAT is restricted to data from standard analysis methods. In 2012, BIODAT became a subset of Phyllis and the Phyllis website was adapted accordingly. In the future, the BIODAT subset will be the main growth area of the Phyllis database.
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1998 - 31/12/2018
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
Physical (non-monetary) and monetary estimates of services provided by natural assets in the UK. These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1997 - 31/12/2019
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
Estimates of the financial and societal value of natural resources to people in the UK These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1997 - 31/12/2017
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
Natural capital accounts for peatlands measures the ecosystem services which peatlands provide, including water, carbon sequestration, food and recreation. These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1997 - 31/12/2017
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
Ecosystem accounts for the mountains, moorlands and heath (MMH) environment in the UK. These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1997 - 31/12/2017
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
Annual data on carbon dioxide emissions intensity, measuring the level of emissions per unit of economic output. These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1995 - 31/12/2019
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
Estimates of the UK's remaining recoverable oil and gas reserves and resources. These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: UK Data Archive
Period: 01/04/1993 - 31/03/2008
Rights: Open Access
The Survey of English Housing (SEH) was a continuous annual survey series, which began in 1993 and covered a sample of 20,000 responding households each year. The survey provided key housing data on tenure, owner occupation and the social rented sector, and regular information about the private rented sector. It was a multi-purpose housing survey which provided a comprehensive range of basic information on households and their housing and full information on the private rented sector. The SEH was subsumed into the English Housing Survey (EHS) in 2008. Citation is
;National Centre for Social Research and Department for Communities and Local Government, Survey of English Housing, 1993/94-2007/08 (computer file). 2nd Edition. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive (distributor), June 2010. SN: 6376, http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-6376-1
;National Centre for Social Research and Department for Communities and Local Government, Survey of English Housing, 1993/94-2007/08 (computer file). 2nd Edition. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive (distributor), June 2010. SN: 6376, http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-6376-1
Publisher: UK Government
Period: 01/10/1990 - 31/12/2049
Rights: Open Access
The Renewable Energy Planning Database (REPD) and the Heat Networks Planning Database are updated and published every quarter. The Renewable Energy Planning Database tracks the progress of renewable electricity and heat networks projects. The Heat Networks Planning Database covers district as well as communal heat network projects. The Renewable Energy Planning Database tracks the progress of renewable electricity and heat networks projects. It provides as accurate and comprehensive a snapshot as possible of projects in both areas, and of progress across the technology sectors.The Heat Networks Planning Database covers district as well as communal heat network projects.It aims to provide a more complete picture of heat network deployment across the UK.The databases are: updated during the month following the end of each quarter; and are provided in 2 separate CSV files, and on separate worksheets within a single XLSX file.
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1990 - 31/12/2020
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
The UKs direct use of energy from fossil fuels and other sources (nuclear, net imports, renewables, biofuels and waste) and reallocated use of energy by industry. These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1990 - 31/12/2019
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
Greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide emissions intensity - the level of emissions per unit of economic output, by industry (SIC 2007 group - around 130 categories), UK. These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1990 - 31/12/2012
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
The UKs reallocated energy use and energy intensity - the level of usage per unit of economic output, by industry (SIC 2007 group - around 130 categories). Reallocated energy consumption is where losses incurred during transformation and distribution are allocated to the final consumer of the energy rather than the electricity generation industry. These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: Climate Change Committee
Period: 01/01/1990 - 31/12/2050
Rights: Open Access
The numbers behind the Climate Change Committee's (CCC) sixth carbon budget. The sixth carbon budget provides UK ministers with advice on the volume of greenhouse gases that the UK can emit between 2033 and 2037 and has now been adopted in UK law. Interactive charts are available to explore the data.
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1990 - 31/12/2019
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
The UK's energy use by industry (SIC 2007 group - around 130 categories), source (for example, industrial and domestic combustion, aircraft, road transport and so on - around 80 categories) and fuel (for example, anthracite, peat, natural gas and so on - around 20 categories). These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1990 - 31/12/2019
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
The UK's fuel use by type (coal, natural gas, petrol, diesel oil for road vehicles (DERV), fuel oil, gas oil, aviation fuel and other). This table excludes biofuels and waste. These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1990 - 31/12/2019
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
The relationship between the UK Environmental Accounts and the Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES) These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1990 - 31/12/2019
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
The relationships between UK Environmental Accounts measures and those of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1990 - 31/12/2022
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
The UKs fuel use by industry (SIC 2007 group - around 130 categories) and type (coal, natural gas, petrol, diesel oil for road vehicles (DERV), fuel oil, gas oil, aviation fuel and other); UK level fuel use of nuclear, hydro, wind, solar, geothermal aquifers and net imports. This table excludes biofuels and waste. These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1990 - 31/12/2019
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
The UK's energy use from renewable sources used to generate heat (active solar heating, heat pumps, geothermal aquifers) These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1990 - 31/12/2019
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
The emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydro-fluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride, nitrogen trifluoride and total greenhouse gas emissions, by industry (SIC 2007 group - around 130 categories), UK. These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: Office for National Statistics
Period: 01/01/1990 - 31/12/2019
Rights: UK Open Government Licence (OGL)
The emissions generated from fuel sources used by road transport vehicles in the UK. These data are part of the environmental accounts data set. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/datalist?filter=datasets
Publisher: UK Data Archive
Period: 01/01/1967 - 31/03/2008
Rights: Licensed data (restrictions may apply)
The English House Condition Survey (EHCS) was a national survey of housing in England. It was originally called the National House Condition Survey and covered England and Wales. From April 2008, the EHCS merged with the Survey of English Housing (SEH) to form the English Housing Survey (EHS). The English House Condition Survey (EHCS) was a national survey of housing in England, commissioned by the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG). The survey was originally called the National House Condition Survey and covered England and Wales. The EHCS ran quinquennially from 1967-2001. From 2002, the survey moved to a continuous basis and the data were provided as a two-year rolling sample of approximately 16,000 cases. From April 2008, the EHCS merged with the Survey of English Housing (SEH) to form the English Housing Survey (EHS).
Publisher: UKDS
Period: 01/01/1850 - 31/12/2019
Rights: Rights not recorded
To better understand the processes of digitalisation, dematerialisation and decarbonisation, this paper examines the relationship between energy and information for the global economy since 1850. It presents the long run trends in energy intensity and communication intensity, as a proxy for total information intensity. The evidence suggests that, relative to GDP, global economic production has been reducing energy and increasing information use since 1913. The analysis indicates that it initially required little information to replace energy in production and that the ability to substitute away from energy and towards information has been declining. The result implies that the global economy is now reducing energy and increasing information at a substitution rate of 0.2 kB per kWh of conserved energy or 0.8 GB per tonne of carbon dioxide mitigated. As the price ratio of energy to information is currently higher than this marginal rate of substitution, there are incentives to further substitute information for energy. However, one conclusion is that (without the long run escalation of carbon prices) substitution away from energy and towards information is likely to cease within the next few decades and, beyond that, digitalisation will play a declining role in the decarbonisation process.
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